{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Intro to Python and Web Scraping\n",
    "\n",
    "## Info\n",
    "- Scott Bailey (CIDR), *scottbailey@stanford.edu*\n",
    "- Javier de la Rosa (CIDR), *versae@stanford.edu*\n",
    "- Ashley Jester (CIDR/SSDS), *ajester@stanford.edu*\n",
    "\n",
    "## Goal\n",
    "\n",
    "By the end of our workshop today, we hope you'll understand basic syntax in Python for variables, functions, and control flow. We also hope you'll know enough about the process of web scraping and some standard packages in Python to successfully scrape information off of a basic, well-formatted web site. \n",
    "\n",
    "## Topics\n",
    "- Imports\n",
    "- Variables and types/structures (String, Int, List)\n",
    "- Functions\n",
    "- Control flow\n",
    "- Web scraping with Requests and BeautifulSoup\n",
    "- Writing text to a file\n",
    "\n",
    "## Setup and packages we need in our environment\n",
    "We'll be using Anaconda with Jupyter Notebooks for this workshop. For setting up both, please see https://github.com/sul-cidr/python_workshops/blob/master/setup.ipynb\n",
    "\n",
    "For this workshop, we'll need an environment with the following packages:\n",
    "- requests\n",
    "- beautifulsoup4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Imports\n",
    "- At the top of your script/file, do imports. \n",
    "- Import whole module\n",
    "- Import part of a module"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
    "import os\n",
    "import requests"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Types and variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, I'm Scott. It's a pleasure to meet you.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"Hello, I'm Scott. It's a pleasure to meet you.\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Strings\n",
    "greeting = \"Hello, I'm Scott. It's a pleasure to meet you.\"\n",
    "# After you run this cell, note the difference between printing out in Jupyter and getting the\n",
    "# output from the last line of the cell\n",
    "print(greeting)\n",
    "greeting"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'H'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Find a letter by index\n",
    "greeting[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "46"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get the length of a string\n",
    "len(greeting)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Count spaces in the string\n",
    "greeting.count(' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hel'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Slice to get the first 3 characters\n",
    "greeting[0:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ou.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get the last three characters\n",
    "greeting[-3:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"Goodbye, I'm Scott. It's a pleasure to meet you.\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Replace hello with goodbye\n",
    "greeting.replace(\"Hello\", \"Goodbye\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HelloWorld'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# String concatenation\n",
    "\"Hello\" + \"World\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'int'> <class 'float'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Numbers\n",
    "# Integer and floats\n",
    "first_num = 10\n",
    "second_num = 5.467\n",
    "print(type(first_num), type(second_num))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Addition\n",
    "1 + 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Division\n",
    "10 / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Multiplication\n",
    "5 * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['coffee', 'tea', 'water']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Lists\n",
    "drinks = ['coffee', 'tea', 'water']\n",
    "drinks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 'hello', 10.5, 'here is a sentence']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Python allows you to create lists of different types\n",
    "mixed = [2, 'hello', 10.5, 'here is a sentence']\n",
    "mixed"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'water'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get item by index\n",
    "drinks[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['coffee', 'tea', 'water', 'juice']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Add an item to the end of the list\n",
    "drinks.append('juice')\n",
    "drinks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Hello,', \"I'm\", 'Scott.', \"It's\", 'a', 'pleasure', 'to', 'meet', 'you.']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Splitting a string - note the type of the output\n",
    "greeting_words = greeting.split(' ')\n",
    "greeting_words"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"Hello, I'm Scott. It's a pleasure to meet you.\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Joining a list of strings \n",
    "' '.join(greeting_words)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are plenty of other data types and structures that we aren't going to use today, such as: sets, dictionaries, tuples, and so forth. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions\n",
    "\n",
    "At the most basic level, functions are chunks of reusable code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Define a function\n",
    "def add(x, y):\n",
    "    return x + y\n",
    "\n",
    "add(1, 2)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hello', 2, '1', 10]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def combine_arrays(array1, array2):\n",
    "    new_list = array1 + array2\n",
    "    return new_list\n",
    "\n",
    "first = ['hello', 2]\n",
    "second = ['1', 10]\n",
    "new = combine_arrays(first, second)\n",
    "new"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style=\"font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 0; border: 1px solid #86989B; background-color: #f7f7f7; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid #86989B; font-weight: bold; background-color: #AFC1C4;\">\n",
    "Activity\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "In the cell below, experiment with the add function defined above. What happens if you put in two strings? A string and an integer? A list and a string?\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Experiment with using different and mixed variable types with add(x, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style=\"font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 0; border: 1px solid #86989B; background-color: #f7f7f7; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid #86989B; font-weight: bold; background-color: #AFC1C4;\">\n",
    "Activity\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Pig latin is a language game where you take the first letter of a word, move it to the back of the word, then add '-ay' at the end. For example, 'pig latin' would be 'igpay atinlay' and 'python' would turn into 'ythonpay'.\n",
    "\n",
    "In the cell below, write a function that takes a string, lowercases it, and returns the pig latin translation of the word. You'll need to use slicing and string concatenation to make this work. \n",
    "</p>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ellohay'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def pig_latinize(word):\n",
    "    lower_word = word.lower()\n",
    "    return lower_word[1:] + lower_word[0] + 'ay'\n",
    "\n",
    "pig_latinize('hello')\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Control flow "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Who are you?\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# IF\n",
    "name = \"Bob\"\n",
    "\n",
    "if name == \"Scott\":\n",
    "    print(\"Hi Scott!\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Who are you?\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Who are you?\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# You can use control flow with functions\n",
    "# Also, you can if, else if, and else to specify more than one condition\n",
    "name = \"John\"\n",
    "\n",
    "def say_hello(name):\n",
    "    return \"Hello \" + name + \"!\"\n",
    "\n",
    "if (name == \"Bob\"):\n",
    "    message = say_hello(\"Bob\")\n",
    "    print(message)\n",
    "elif (name == \"Scott\"):\n",
    "    message = say_hello(\"Scott\")\n",
    "    print(message)\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Who are you?\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Stu 3\n",
      "Scott 5\n",
      "Javier 6\n",
      "Ashley 6\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# FOR loops let you iterate over a list or other iterable object\n",
    "names = [\"Stu\", \"Scott\", \"Javier\", \"Ashley\"]\n",
    "for name in names:\n",
    "    print(name, len(name))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Javier\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# You can combine types of control flow\n",
    "for name in names[:3]:\n",
    "    if len(name) > 5:\n",
    "        print(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def add_one(num):\n",
    "    return num + 1\n",
    "\n",
    "nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "plus = []\n",
    "for num in nums:\n",
    "    plus.append(add_one(num))\n",
    "plus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# ADVANCED: List Comprehensions\n",
    "# List comprehensions are a \"pythonic\" way of building lists in a compact manner\n",
    "\n",
    "added = [add_one(num) for num in nums]\n",
    "added"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['javier']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_names = [name.lower() for name in names[:3] if len(name) > 5]\n",
    "long_names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style=\"font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 0; border: 1px solid #86989B; background-color: #f7f7f7; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid #86989B; font-weight: bold; background-color: #AFC1C4;\">\n",
    "Activity\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "In the cell below, write a function that loops over a list and returns a new list where all the strings have been replaced with their pig latin translations. \n",
    "\n",
    "For example, if your list is `['hello', 5, 'world']` your output should be `['ellohay', 5, 'orldway']`.\n",
    "\n",
    "Feel free to reuse the pig latinizer you wrote above. You'll also need to think about checking the type of each item in the list. \n",
    "</p>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['ellohay', 5, 'orldway']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def pig_latinize_list(items):\n",
    "    latinized_items = []\n",
    "    for item in items:\n",
    "        if (type(item) == str):\n",
    "            latinized_items.append(pig_latinize(item))\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            latinized_items.append(item)\n",
    "    return latinized_items\n",
    "\n",
    "pig_latinize_list(['hello', 5, 'world'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Web scraping with Requests and Beautiful Soup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Scraping text"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<!DOCTYPE html>\n",
       "<html class=\"client-nojs\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\"><head>\n",
       "<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/>\n",
       "<title>Stanford University - Wikipedia</title>\n",
       "<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\\s)client-nojs(\\s|$)/, \"$1client-js$2\" );</script>\n",
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       "\t\t\t<h1 class=\"firstHeading\" id=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Stanford University</h1>\n",
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       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"siteSub\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"contentSub\"><div class=\"flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile\" id=\"mw-fr-revisiontag\"><div class=\"flaggedrevs_short_basic\"><img alt=\"Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.\" class=\"flaggedrevs-icon\" src=\"/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/doc-magnify.png\" title=\"Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.\"/><img alt=\"show/hide details\" class=\"fr-toggle-arrow\" id=\"mw-fr-revisiontoggle\" src=\"/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/arrow-down.png\" style=\"display:none;\"/></div>\n",
       "<div id=\"mw-fr-revisiondetails-wrapper\" style=\"position:relative;\"><div class=\"flaggedrevs_short_details\" id=\"mw-fr-revisiondetails\" style=\"display:none\">This is the <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes\" title=\"Wikipedia:Pending changes\">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;type=review&amp;page=Stanford_University\">reviewed</a> on <i>18 April 2017</i>.</div>\n",
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       "\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\"><div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">\"Stanford\" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class=\"mw-disambig\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_(disambiguation)\" title=\"Stanford (disambiguation)\">Stanford (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n",
       "<table class=\"infobox vcard\" style=\"width:22em\">\n",
       "<caption class=\"fn org\">Stanford University</caption>\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span class=\"nickname\">Leland Stanford Junior University</span></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg\"><img alt=\"Stanford University seal 2003.svg\" data-file-height=\"250\" data-file-width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg/150px-Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg/225px-Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg/300px-Stanford_University_seal_2003.svg.png 2x\" width=\"150\"/></a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Motto</th>\n",
       "<td><span><span lang=\"de\"><i>Die Luft der Freiheit weht</i></span><br/>\n",
       "(<a href=\"/wiki/German_language\" title=\"German language\">German</a>)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-casper_1-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-casper-1\">[1]</a></sup></span></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Motto in English</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "<td>The wind of freedom blows<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-casper_1-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-casper-1\">[1]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Type</th>\n",
       "<td><a href=\"/wiki/Private_university\" title=\"Private university\">Private</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Established</th>\n",
       "<td>1891<span style=\"display:none\"> (<span class=\"bday dtstart published updated\">1891</span>)</span><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-StanfordAboutHistory_2-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StanfordAboutHistory-2\">[2]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-facultyguidehistory_3-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-facultyguidehistory-3\">[3]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Financial_endowment\" title=\"Financial endowment\">Endowment</a></th>\n",
       "<td>$22.398 billion (2016)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-4\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/University_president\" title=\"University president\">President</a></th>\n",
       "<td><a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne\" title=\"Marc Tessier-Lavigne\">Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Provost_(education)\" title=\"Provost (education)\">Provost</a></th>\n",
       "<td><a href=\"/wiki/Persis_Drell\" title=\"Persis Drell\">Persis Drell</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Academic staff</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "<td>2,118<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Administrative staff</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "<td>11,128<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_admin_6-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_admin-6\">[6]</a></sup> excluding <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Hospital_and_Clinics\" title=\"Stanford Hospital and Clinics\">SHC</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Students</th>\n",
       "<td>15,877</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Undergraduate_education\" title=\"Undergraduate education\">Undergraduates</a></th>\n",
       "<td>6,980<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_glance-7\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Postgraduate_education\" title=\"Postgraduate education\">Postgraduates</a></th>\n",
       "<td>8,897<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_glance-7\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Location</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"adr\"><span class=\"locality\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford,_California\" title=\"Stanford, California\">Stanford</a></span>, <span class=\"state\"><a href=\"/wiki/California\" title=\"California\">California</a></span>, <span class=\"country-name\">U.S.</span></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Campus</th>\n",
       "<td><a href=\"/wiki/Suburb\" title=\"Suburb\">Suburban</a>, 8,180 acres (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_glance-7\">[7]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/School_colors\" title=\"School colors\">Colors</a></th>\n",
       "<td>Cardinal and white<br/>\n",
       "<span style=\"background-color:#8C1515;border:1px solid #000\">    </span> <span style=\"background-color:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #000\">    </span></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Athletic_nickname\" title=\"Athletic nickname\">Nickname</a></th>\n",
       "<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal\">Cardinal</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Mascot</th>\n",
       "<td>none (the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Tree\" title=\"Stanford Tree\">Stanford Tree</a> is the mascot of the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Band\" title=\"Stanford Band\">Band</a> but not the university)</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;\">Sporting affiliations</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "<td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS\" title=\"NCAA Division I FBS\">NCAA Division I FBS</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference\">Pac-12</a></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding-right:0.65em;\">Website</th>\n",
       "<td><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu\" rel=\"nofollow\">www<wbr></wbr>.stanford<wbr></wbr>.edu</a></span></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_wordmark_(2012).svg\"><img alt=\"Stanford wordmark (2012).svg\" data-file-height=\"168\" data-file-width=\"800\" height=\"46\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg/220px-Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg/330px-Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg/440px-Stanford_wordmark_%282012%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a></td>\n",
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       "<div style=\"position:absolute;top:43.856%;left:5.744%\">\n",
       "<div style=\"position:absolute;left:-3px;top:-3px;line-height:0\"><img alt=\"Stanford\" data-file-height=\"64\" data-file-width=\"64\" height=\"5\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x\" title=\"Stanford\" width=\"5\"/></div>\n",
       "<div style=\"font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left\"><span style=\"padding:1px;float:left\"><small>Stanford</small></span></div>\n",
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       "Location in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a></div>\n",
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       "<div style=\"position:relative;width:160px;border:1px solid lightgray\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_California.png\" title=\"Stanford is located in California\"><img alt=\"Stanford is located in California\" data-file-height=\"780\" data-file-width=\"681\" height=\"183\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Relief_map_of_California.png/160px-Relief_map_of_California.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Relief_map_of_California.png/240px-Relief_map_of_California.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Relief_map_of_California.png/320px-Relief_map_of_California.png 2x\" width=\"160\"/></a>\n",
       "<div style=\"position:absolute;top:48.182%;left:23.426%\">\n",
       "<div style=\"position:absolute;left:-3px;top:-3px;line-height:0\"><img alt=\"Stanford\" data-file-height=\"64\" data-file-width=\"64\" height=\"5\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x\" title=\"Stanford\" width=\"5\"/></div>\n",
       "<div style=\"font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left\"><span style=\"padding:1px;float:left\"><small>Stanford</small></span></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_California.png\" title=\"File:Relief map of California.png\"></a></div>\n",
       "Location in <a href=\"/wiki/California\" title=\"California\">California</a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p><b>Stanford University</b>, officially <b>Leland Stanford Junior University</b>,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-8\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]</a></sup> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Private_university\" title=\"Private university\">private</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Research_university\" title=\"Research university\">research university</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford,_California\" title=\"Stanford, California\">Stanford</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/California\" title=\"California\">California</a>, adjacent to <a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"Palo Alto, California\">Palo Alto</a> and between <a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose,_California\" title=\"San Jose, California\">San Jose</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco\" title=\"San Francisco\">San Francisco</a>. Its 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_where_9-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_where-9\">[9]</a></sup> campus is one of the largest in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-noteLargest_12-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noteLargest-12\">[note 1]</a></sup> Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-3\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_glance-7\">[7]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_where_9-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_where-9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The university was founded in 1885 by <a href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford\" title=\"Leland Stanford\">Leland</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Jane_Stanford\" title=\"Jane Stanford\">Jane Stanford</a> in memory of their only child, <a href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr.\" title=\"Leland Stanford Jr.\">Leland Stanford Jr.</a>, who had died of <a href=\"/wiki/Typhoid_fever\" title=\"Typhoid fever\">typhoid fever</a> at age 15 the previous year. Stanford was a former <a href=\"/wiki/Governor_of_California\" title=\"Governor of California\">Governor</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/California\" title=\"California\">California</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Senate\" title=\"United States Senate\">U.S. Senator</a>; he made his fortune as a <a href=\"/wiki/Big_Four_(Central_Pacific_Railroad)\" title=\"Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)\">railroad tycoon</a>. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1, 1891,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-StanfordAboutHistory_2-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StanfordAboutHistory-2\">[2]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-facultyguidehistory_3-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-facultyguidehistory-3\">[3]</a></sup> as a <a href=\"/wiki/Mixed-sex_education\" title=\"Mixed-sex education\">coeducational</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Non-denominational\" title=\"Non-denominational\">non-denominational</a> institution.</p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanford's death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the <a href=\"/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake\" title=\"1906 San Francisco earthquake\">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-13\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[12]</a></sup> Following <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a>, Provost <a href=\"/wiki/Frederick_Terman\" title=\"Frederick Terman\">Frederick Terman</a> supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Silicon Valley\">Silicon Valley</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-14\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[13]</a></sup> The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Record_Fundraising_15-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Record_Fundraising-15\">[14]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>There are three academic schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision\" title=\"Football Bowl Subdivision\">Division I FBS</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference\">Pac-12 Conference</a>. It has gained 112 <a href=\"/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association\" title=\"National Collegiate Athletic Association\">NCAA</a> team championships,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-gostanford.com_16-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gostanford.com-16\">[15]</a></sup> the second-most for a university, 483 individual championships, the most in Division I,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ncaa-championship_17-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ncaa-championship-17\">[16]</a></sup> and has won the <a href=\"/wiki/NACDA_Directors%27_Cup\" title=\"NACDA Directors' Cup\">NACDA Directors' Cup</a>, recognizing the university with the best overall athletic team achievement, for 22 consecutive years, beginning in 1994–1995.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-learfield2015_18-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-learfield2015-18\">[17]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a large number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_people#Company_founders\" title=\"List of Stanford University people\">10th-largest economy</a> in the world.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-EcImpact_19-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EcImpact-19\">[18]</a></sup> It is the <a href=\"/wiki/Alma_mater\" title=\"Alma mater\">alma mater</a> of 30 living billionaires, 17 astronauts, and 20 <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Turing_Award_laureates_by_university_affiliation\" title=\"List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation\">Turing Award laureates</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-noteStudAward_40-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noteStudAward-40\">[note 2]</a></sup> It is also one of the leading producers of members of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Congress\" title=\"United States Congress\">United States Congress</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-41\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[39]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-42\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[40]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation#Stanford_University\" title=\"List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation\">Sixty Nobel laureates</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Fields_Medal_winners_by_university_affiliation\" title=\"List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation\">seven Fields Medalists</a> have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, faculty or staff.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-43\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[41]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p></p>\n",
       "<div class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\">\n",
       "<div class=\"toctitle\" id=\"toctitle\">\n",
       "<h2>Contents</h2>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#History\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">History</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Land\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Land</span></a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Central_campus\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Central campus</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Non-central_campus\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Non-central campus</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Faculty_residences\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Faculty residences</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Other_uses\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other uses</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Landmarks\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Landmarks</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Administration_and_organization\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Administration and organization</span></a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Endowment_and_fundraising\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Endowment and fundraising</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Academics\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Academics</span></a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Teaching_and_learning\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Teaching and learning</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Research_centers_and_institutes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Research centers and institutes</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Libraries_and_digital_resources\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Libraries and digital resources</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Arts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Arts</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Reputation_and_rankings\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Reputation and rankings</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Discoveries_and_innovation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Discoveries and innovation</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Student_life\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Student life</span></a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Student_body\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Student body</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#Dormitories_and_student_housing\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Dormitories and student housing</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#Athletics\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Athletics</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Traditions\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Traditions</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#Religious_life\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Religious life</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"#Greek_life\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Greek life</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"#Student_groups\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Student groups</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"#Safety\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Safety</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-26\"><a href=\"#People\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">People</span></a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-27\"><a href=\"#Award_laureates_and_scholars\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Award laureates and scholars</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-28\"><a href=\"#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">See also</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-29\"><a href=\"#Notes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Notes</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-30\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-31\"><a href=\"#Further_reading\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Further reading</span></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-32\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">12</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History\">History</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: History\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:1891_Stanford.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"677\" data-file-width=\"901\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1891_Stanford.jpg/220px-1891_Stanford.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1891_Stanford.jpg/330px-1891_Stanford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1891_Stanford.jpg/440px-1891_Stanford.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:1891_Stanford.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Center of the campus in 1891.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-44\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[42]</a></sup></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Stanford_University\" title=\"History of Stanford University\">History of Stanford University</a></div>\n",
       "<p>Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford's previous Palo Alto farm. Despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by <a href=\"/wiki/Herbert_Hoover\" title=\"Herbert Hoover\">Herbert Hoover</a> to preserve artifacts related to <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_I\" title=\"World War I\">World War I</a>. The Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The <a href=\"/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory\" title=\"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), which was established in 1962, performs research in particle physics.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-45\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[43]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Jane and Leland Stanford modeled their university after the great eastern universities and most specifically <a href=\"/wiki/Cornell_University\" title=\"Cornell University\">Cornell University</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University\" title=\"Harvard University\">Harvard University</a>. Stanford opened being called the \"Cornell of the West\" in 1891 due to faculty being former Cornell professors and alumni including its first president, <a href=\"/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan\" title=\"David Starr Jordan\">David Starr Jordan</a>. Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to have higher education be accessible, nonsectarian, and open to women as well to men. Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt this radical departure from traditional education, and Stanford became an early adopter as well.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-46\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[44]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Land\">Land</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Land\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1610\" data-file-width=\"2148\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG/220px-Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG/330px-Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG/440px-Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Campus_Aerial_Photo.JPG\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "An <a href=\"/wiki/Aerial_photography\" title=\"Aerial photography\">aerial photograph</a> of the center of the Stanford University campus in 2008.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>Most of Stanford University is on an 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_where_9-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_where-9\">[9]</a></sup> campus on the <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula\" title=\"San Francisco Peninsula\">San Francisco Peninsula</a>, in the northwest part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley\" title=\"Santa Clara Valley\">Santa Clara Valley</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Silicon Valley\">Silicon Valley</a>) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco\" title=\"San Francisco\">San Francisco</a> and approximately 20 miles (30 km) northwest of <a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose,_California\" title=\"San Jose, California\">San Jose</a>; this is the founding grant. In 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-47\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[45]</a></sup> Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at several more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus, some further afield (<a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University#Non-central_campus\" title=\"Stanford University\">see below</a>).</p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford's main campus includes a <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford,_California\" title=\"Stanford, California\">census-designated place</a> within <a href=\"/wiki/Unincorporated_area\" title=\"Unincorporated area\">unincorporated</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California\" title=\"Santa Clara County, California\">Santa Clara County</a>, although some of the university land (such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Stanford Shopping Center</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park\" title=\"Stanford Research Park\">Stanford Research Park</a>) is within the city limits of Palo Alto. The campus also includes much land in unincorporated <a href=\"/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California\" title=\"San Mateo County, California\">San Mateo County</a> (including the <a href=\"/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory\" title=\"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Jasper_Ridge_Biological_Preserve\" title=\"Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve\">Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve</a>), as well as in the city limits of <a href=\"/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California\" title=\"Menlo Park, California\">Menlo Park</a> (Stanford Hills neighborhood), <a href=\"/wiki/Woodside,_California\" title=\"Woodside, California\">Woodside</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Portola_Valley,_California\" title=\"Portola Valley, California\">Portola Valley</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_lands_48-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_lands-48\">[46]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Central_campus\">Central campus</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Central campus\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by <a href=\"/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)\" title=\"El Camino Real (California)\">El Camino Real</a>, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road\" title=\"Sand Hill Road\">Sand Hill Road</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service\" title=\"United States Postal Service\">United States Postal Service</a> has assigned it two <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ZIP_codes\" title=\"ZIP codes\">ZIP codes</a>: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for <a href=\"/wiki/Post-office_box\" title=\"Post-office box\">P.O. box</a> mail. It lies within <a href=\"/wiki/Area_code_650\" title=\"Area code 650\">area code 650</a>.</p>\n",
       "<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tnone\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:808px;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"\">\n",
       "<div class=\"overflowbugx\" style=\"overflow:auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg\" title=\"View of the main quadrangle of Stanford University with Memorial Church in the center background from across the grass covered Oval.\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"2700\" data-file-width=\"10800\" height=\"200\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg/800px-Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg/1200px-Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg/1600px-Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg 2x\" width=\"800\"/></a></div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Oval_May_2011_panorama.jpg\" title=\"File:Stanford Oval May 2011 panorama.jpg\"></a></div>\n",
       "View of the main quadrangle of Stanford University with Memorial Church in the center background from across the grass covered Oval.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Non-central_campus\">Non-central campus</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Non-central campus\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Stanford currently operates or intends to operate in various locations outside of its central campus.</p>\n",
       "<p>On the founding grant:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jasper_Ridge_Biological_Preserve\" title=\"Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve\">Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve</a> is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) natural reserve south of the central campus owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research.</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory\" title=\"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a> is a facility west of the central campus operated by the university for the Department of Energy. It contains the longest <a href=\"/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator\" title=\"Linear particle accelerator\">linear particle accelerator</a> in the world, 2 miles (3.2 km) on 426 acres (172 ha) of land.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-49\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[47]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Golf course and a seasonal lake: The university also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake (<a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Lagunita\" title=\"Lake Lagunita\">Lake Lagunita</a>, actually an irrigation reservoir), both home to the vulnerable <a href=\"/wiki/California_tiger_salamander\" title=\"California tiger salamander\">California tiger salamander</a>. As of 2012 <a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Lagunita\" title=\"Lake Lagunita\">Lake Lagunita</a> was often dry and the university had no plans to artificially fill it.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-50\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[48]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<p>Off the founding grant:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station</a>, in <a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California\" title=\"Pacific Grove, California\">Pacific Grove</a>, California, is a <a href=\"/wiki/Marine_biology\" title=\"Marine biology\">marine biology</a> research center owned by the university since 1892.</li>\n",
       "<li>Study abroad locations: unlike typical <a href=\"/wiki/Student_exchange_program\" title=\"Student exchange program\">study abroad</a> programs, Stanford itself operates in several locations around the world; thus, each location has Stanford faculty-in-residence and staff in addition to students, creating a \"mini-Stanford.\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-51\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[49]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>China: Stanford Center at Peking University, housed in the Lee Jung Sen Building, is a small center for researchers and students in collaboration with <a href=\"/wiki/Peking_University\" title=\"Peking University\">Peking University</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-pekingcenter_52-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pekingcenter-52\">[50]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-LeeJung_53-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeeJung-53\">[51]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<p>Locations in development:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>Redwood City: in 2005, the university purchased a small, 35-acre (14 ha) campus in Midpoint Technology Park intended for staff offices; development was delayed by <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_Great_Recession\" title=\"The Great Recession\">The Great Recession</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-54\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[52]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-55\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[53]</a></sup> In 2015 the university announced a development plan.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-redwood-dec2015_56-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-redwood-dec2015-56\">[54]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tnone\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:808px;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"\">\n",
       "<div class=\"overflowbugx\" style=\"overflow:auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Lakelag.jpg\" title=\"Lake Lagunita in early spring; the Dish, a large radio telescope and local landmark, is visible in the Stanford-owned foothills behind the lake and is the high point of a popular campus jogging and walking trail.\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"846\" data-file-width=\"3707\" height=\"183\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lakelag.jpg/800px-Lakelag.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lakelag.jpg/1200px-Lakelag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lakelag.jpg/1600px-Lakelag.jpg 2x\" width=\"800\"/></a></div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lakelag.jpg\" title=\"File:Lakelag.jpg\"></a></div>\n",
       "<i>Lake Lagunita in early spring; the Dish, a large radio telescope and local landmark, is visible in the Stanford-owned foothills behind the lake and is the high point of a popular campus jogging and walking trail.</i></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Faculty_residences\">Faculty residences</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Faculty residences\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Many Stanford faculty members live in the \"Faculty Ghetto\", within walking or biking distance of campus.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-57\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[55]</a></sup> The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. Similar to a <a href=\"/wiki/Condominium\" title=\"Condominium\">condominium</a>, the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the \"Ghetto\" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Silicon Valley\">Silicon Valley</a> values. However, it remains an expensive area in which to own property, and the average price of single-family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)\">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_uses\">Other uses</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Other uses\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Some of the land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Stanford Shopping Center</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park\" title=\"Stanford Research Park\">Stanford Research Park</a>. Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the <a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_Unified_School_District\" title=\"Palo Alto Unified School District\">Palo Alto Unified School District</a> for several schools including <a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_High_School\" title=\"Palo Alto High School\">Palo Alto High School</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gunn_High_School\" title=\"Gunn High School\">Gunn High School</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-58\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[56]</a></sup> El Camino Park, the oldest Palo Alto city park (established 1914), is also on Stanford land.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-59\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[57]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Landmarks\">Landmarks</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Landmarks\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Contemporary campus landmarks include the <a href=\"/wiki/Main_Quad_(Stanford_University)\" title=\"Main Quad (Stanford University)\">Main Quad</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church\" title=\"Stanford Memorial Church\">Memorial Church</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts\" title=\"Iris &amp; B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts\">Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Bing_Concert_Hall\" title=\"Bing Concert Hall\">Bing Concert Hall</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum\" title=\"Stanford Mausoleum\">Stanford Mausoleum</a> with the nearby <a href=\"/wiki/Angel_of_Grief\" title=\"Angel of Grief\">Angel of Grief</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hoover_Tower\" title=\"Hoover Tower\">Hoover Tower</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Auguste_Rodin\" title=\"Auguste Rodin\">Rodin</a> sculpture garden, the <a href=\"/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Sculpture_Garden\" title=\"Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden\">Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden\" title=\"Arizona Cactus Garden\">Arizona Cactus Garden</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum\" title=\"Stanford University Arboretum\">Stanford University Arboretum</a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Green_Library\" title=\"Green Library\">Green Library</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/The_Dish_(landmark)\" title=\"The Dish (landmark)\">the Dish</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright\" title=\"Frank Lloyd Wright\">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>'s 1937 <a href=\"/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Honeycomb_House\" title=\"Hanna–Honeycomb House\">Hanna–Honeycomb House</a> and the 1919 <a href=\"/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House\" title=\"Lou Henry Hoover House\">Lou Henry Hoover House</a> are both listed on the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/National_Historic_Register\" title=\"National Historic Register\">National Historic Register</a>. The Claw (officially White Memorial Fountain) between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of “fountain hopping”; it was installed in 1964 and designed by <a href=\"/wiki/Aristides_Demetrios\" title=\"Aristides Demetrios\">Aristides Demetrios</a> after a national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949, William N. White and John B. White II, one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-clawrestore_60-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clawrestore-60\">[58]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-clawrestore2_61-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clawrestore2-61\">[59]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-dailyfountain_62-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dailyfountain-62\">[60]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-dailywhites_63-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dailywhites-63\">[61]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 108px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 108px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 106px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"1034\" data-file-width=\"915\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg/159px-Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg/239px-Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg/319px-Stanford_Memorial_Church_Interior_2.jpg 2x\" width=\"106\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center>Interior of the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church\" title=\"Stanford Memorial Church\">Stanford Memorial Church</a> at the center of the Main Quad</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 171.33333333333px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"676\" data-file-width=\"966\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg/257px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg/386px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg/515px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House_from_NW.jpg 2x\" width=\"172\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center><a href=\"/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House\" title=\"Lou Henry Hoover House\">Lou Henry Hoover House</a>, official residence of the University President</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 92px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 92px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 90px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"2272\" data-file-width=\"1704\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/135px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/202px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/270px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG 2x\" width=\"90\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center><a href=\"/wiki/Hoover_Tower\" title=\"Hoover Tower\">Hoover Tower</a>, at 285 feet (87 m), the tallest building on campus</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 181.33333333333px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 181.33333333333px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 179.33333333333px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Dish,_Stanford_University.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"685\" data-file-width=\"1024\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/269px-The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/404px-The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/538px-The_Dish%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x\" width=\"180\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center><a href=\"/wiki/The_Dish_(landmark)\" title=\"The Dish (landmark)\">The Dish</a>, a 150 feet (46 m) diameter radio telescope on the Stanford foothills overlooking the main campus</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 82px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 82px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 80px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"1537\" data-file-width=\"1024\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg/120px-The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg/180px-The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg/240px-The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg 2x\" width=\"80\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center>The original <a href=\"/wiki/Golden_spike\" title=\"Golden spike\">Golden spike</a> on display at the Cantor Arts Museum at Stanford University</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 194px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 194px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 192px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"800\" data-file-width=\"1280\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg/288px-Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg/432px-Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg/576px-Stanford_Quad_at_night.jpg 2x\" width=\"192\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center>Stanford Main Quad at night</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 182px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"width: 182px\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 180px;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"3072\" data-file-width=\"4608\" height=\"120\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG/270px-Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG/405px-Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG/540px-Claw_Fountain_at_Stanford_Univerisity.JPG 2x\" width=\"180\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n",
       "<center>White Memorial Fountain (The Claw)</center>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Administration_and_organization\">Administration and organization</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Administration and organization\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<p>Stanford University is a tax-exempt <a href=\"/wiki/Corporate_trust\" title=\"Corporate trust\">corporate trust</a> governed by a privately appointed <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Board_of_Trustees\" title=\"Board of Trustees\">Board of Trustees</a> with a maximum membership of 38.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_admin_6-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_admin-6\">[6]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-noteTrustees_65-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noteTrustees-65\">[note 3]</a></sup> Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-66\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[63]</a></sup> A new trustee is chosen by the current trustees by ballot.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-FoundingGrant_64-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FoundingGrant-64\">[62]</a></sup> The Stanford trustees also oversee the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park\" title=\"Stanford Research Park\">Stanford Research Park</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Stanford Shopping Center</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts\" title=\"Iris &amp; B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts\">Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center\" title=\"Stanford University Medical Center\">Stanford University Medical Center</a>, and many associated medical facilities (including the <a href=\"/wiki/Lucile_Packard_Children%27s_Hospital\" title=\"Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital</a>).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-FG_facts_67-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FG_facts-67\">[64]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The Board appoints a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the university and prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, manage financial and business affairs, and appoint nine vice presidents.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-68\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[65]</a></sup> The Provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-aboutprovost_69-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-aboutprovost-69\">[66]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-70\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[67]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Persis_Drell\" title=\"Persis Drell\">Persis Drell</a> became the 13th Provost in February 2017.</p>\n",
       "<p>As of 2013 the university was organized into seven academic schools.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Schools_71-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Schools-71\">[68]</a></sup> The schools of <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Humanities_and_Sciences\" title=\"Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences\">Humanities and Sciences</a> (27 departments), <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Engineering\" title=\"Stanford University School of Engineering\">Engineering</a> (9 departments), and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Earth,_Energy_%26_Environmental_Sciences\" title=\"Stanford University School of Earth, Energy &amp; Environmental Sciences\">Earth, Energy &amp; Environmental Sciences</a> (4 departments) have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Law_School\" title=\"Stanford Law School\">Law</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine\" title=\"Stanford University School of Medicine\">Medicine</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Education\" title=\"Stanford Graduate School of Education\">Education</a> and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Business\" title=\"Stanford University School of Business\">Business</a> have graduate programs only. The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators, but most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 55 elected representatives of the faculty.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-72\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">[69]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford University and all registered students are members. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a <a href=\"/wiki/Ticket_(election)\" title=\"Ticket (election)\">ticket</a> by the entire student body.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-73\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[70]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/California_Constitution\" title=\"California Constitution\">California Constitution</a>, which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-74\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[71]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Endowment_and_fundraising\">Endowment and fundraising</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Endowment and fundraising\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>The university's <a href=\"/wiki/Financial_endowment\" title=\"Financial endowment\">endowment</a>, managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $22.2 billion in August 2015, 3.6% over the previous year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-75\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[72]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-76\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[73]</a></sup> The endowment fell 25% in 2009 as a result of the late-2000s recession, but posted gains of 14.4% in 2010 and 22.4% in 2011, when it was valued at $16.5 billion.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-77\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\">[74]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford has been the top fundraising university in the United States for several years. It raised $911 million in 2006,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-78\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[75]</a></sup> $832 million in 2007,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-79\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[76]</a></sup> $785 million in 2008,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-80\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[77]</a></sup> $640 million in 2009,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-81\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[78]</a></sup> $599 million in 2010,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-82\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[79]</a></sup> $709 million in 2011,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_finances_83-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_finances-83\">[80]</a></sup> and $1.035 billion in 2012, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Record_Fundraising_15-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Record_Fundraising-15\">[14]</a></sup> In 2013 and 2014 it raised $932 million and $928 million.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_finances_83-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_finances-83\">[80]</a></sup> Payouts from the Stanford endowment covered approximately 23% of University expenses in the 2014 fiscal year, compared to Princeton at 55% and Harvard at 35%.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-84\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[81]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>In 2006, President <a href=\"/wiki/John_L._Hennessy\" title=\"John L. Hennessy\">John L. Hennessy</a> launched a five-year campaign called the Stanford Challenge, which reached its $4.3 billion fundraising goal in 2009, two years ahead of time, but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign. It concluded on December 31, 2011, having raised a total of $6.23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of $3.88 billion held by Yale.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-85\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[82]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-86\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[83]</a></sup> Specifically, the campaign raised $253.7 million for undergraduate financial aid, as well as $2.33 billion for its initiative in \"Seeking Solutions\" to global problems, $1.61 billion for \"Educating Leaders\" by improving K-12 education, and $2.11 billion for \"Foundation of Excellence\" aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty. Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate students, 139 new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings. The new funding also enabled the construction of a facility for stem cell research; a new campus for the business school; an expansion of the law school; a new Engineering Quad; a new art and art history building; an on-campus concert hall; a new art museum; and a planned expansion of the medical school, among other things.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-87\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[84]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-88\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[85]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Academics\">Academics</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\" title=\"Edit section: Academics\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Teaching_and_learning\">Teaching and learning</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\" title=\"Edit section: Teaching and learning\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1388\" data-file-width=\"906\" height=\"337\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg/220px-Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg/330px-Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg/440px-Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Walkway_Panorama.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Walkway in the Main Quad</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>Stanford follows a quarter system with Autumn quarter usually starting in late September and Spring Quarter ending in early June.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Carnegie_89-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Carnegie-89\">[86]</a></sup> The full-time, four-year undergraduate program has an arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Carnegie_89-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Carnegie-89\">[86]</a></sup> Stanford is accredited by the <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges\" title=\"Western Association of Schools and Colleges\">Western Association of Schools and Colleges</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-90\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[87]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Full-time undergraduate tuition was $42,690 for 2013–2014.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> Stanford's admission process is need-blind for US citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $31,411.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> In 2012–13, the university awarded $126 million in need-based financial aid to 3,485 students, with an average aid package of $40,460.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-3\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> Stanford has a no-loan policy.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-4\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> For undergraduates admitted in 2015, Stanford waives tuition, room, and board for most families with incomes below $65,000, and most families with incomes below $125,000 are not required to pay tuition; those with incomes up to $150,000 may have tuition significantly reduced.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-FA_92-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FA-92\">[89]</a></sup> 17% of students receive Pell Grants,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-5\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> a common measure of low-income students at a college.</p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Research_centers_and_institutes\">Research centers and institutes</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\" title=\"Edit section: Research centers and institutes\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"4400\" data-file-width=\"2640\" height=\"367\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg/220px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg/330px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg/440px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Hoover_Tower_Stanford_January_2013.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Hoover Tower, inspired by the cathedral tower at <a href=\"/wiki/Salamanca\" title=\"Salamanca\">Salamanca</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Spain\" title=\"Spain\">Spain</a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2912\" data-file-width=\"4368\" height=\"147\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg/220px-Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg/330px-Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg/440px-Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_from_Hoover_Tower_May_2011_004.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "From the Hoover Tower one can see all of the Stanford campus. Pictured is the Main Quad and Serra Mall.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>As of 2016 the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes\" title=\"Stanford University centers and institutes\">eighteen independent laboratories, centers, and institutes</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-93\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">[90]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the <a href=\"/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory\" title=\"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute\" title=\"Stanford Research Institute\">Stanford Research Institute</a> (an independent institution which originated at the university), the <a href=\"/wiki/Hoover_Institution\" title=\"Hoover Institution\">Hoover Institution</a> on War, Revolution and Peace (a major <a href=\"/wiki/Policy\" title=\"Policy\">public policy</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Think_tank\" title=\"Think tank\">think tank</a> that attracts visiting scholars from around the world), and the <a href=\"/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute_of_Design\" title=\"Hasso Plattner Institute of Design\">Hasso Plattner Institute of Design</a> (a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the <a href=\"/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute\" title=\"Hasso Plattner Institute\">Hasso Plattner Institute</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Potsdam\" title=\"University of Potsdam\">University of Potsdam</a> that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education).<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)\">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford is home to the <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.\" title=\"Martin Luther King Jr.\">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Research and Education Institute which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project, a collaboration with the <a href=\"/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change\" title=\"King Center for Nonviolent Social Change\">King Center</a> to publish the King papers held by the King Center.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-94\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[91]</a></sup> It also runs the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/John_S._Knight_Fellowships_for_Professional_Journalists\" title=\"John S. Knight Fellowships for Professional Journalists\">John S. Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists</a> and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing the ocean.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-95\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[92]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Libraries_and_digital_resources\">Libraries and digital resources</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Libraries and digital resources\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"3152\" data-file-width=\"4728\" height=\"147\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg/220px-Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg/330px-Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg/440px-Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Green_Library_Bing_Wing.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Green_Library\" title=\"Green Library\">Green Library</a></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries\" title=\"Stanford University Libraries\">Stanford University Libraries</a></div>\n",
       "<p>As of 2014 <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries\" title=\"Stanford University Libraries\">Stanford University Libraries</a> (SUL) held a collection of more than 9.3 million volumes, nearly 300,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-books, 2.5 million audiovisual materials, 77,000 serials, nearly 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_SULAIR_96-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_SULAIR-96\">[93]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The main library in the SU library system is <a href=\"/wiki/Cecil_H._Green_Library\" title=\"Cecil H. Green Library\">Green Library</a>, which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. <a href=\"/wiki/Lathrop_Library\" title=\"Lathrop Library\">Lathrop Library</a> (previously <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Meyer_Library\" title=\"Meyer Library\">Meyer Library</a>, demolished in 2015), holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of the largest <a href=\"/wiki/East_Asia\" title=\"East Asia\">East Asia</a> collections with 540,000 volumes.</p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Arts\">Arts</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\" title=\"Edit section: Arts\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1205\" data-file-width=\"1631\" height=\"163\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg/220px-Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg/330px-Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg/440px-Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Bronze statues by <a href=\"/wiki/Auguste_Rodin\" title=\"Auguste Rodin\">Auguste Rodin</a> are scattered through the campus, including these <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Burghers_of_Calais\" title=\"The Burghers of Calais\">Burghers of Calais</a></i>.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>Stanford University is home to the <a href=\"/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts\" title=\"Iris &amp; B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts\">Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a> museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. The Center's collection of works by <a href=\"/wiki/Auguste_Rodin\" title=\"Auguste Rodin\">Rodin</a> is among the largest in the world<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-97\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\">[94]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Welton_Stanford\" title=\"Thomas Welton Stanford\">Thomas Welton Stanford</a> Gallery, built in 1917, serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art &amp; Art History as well as an exhibition venue. There are outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features includes wood carvings and \"totem poles.\"</p>\n",
       "<p>The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Taiko\" title=\"Stanford Taiko\">Stanford Taiko</a>, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society, the Stanford Improvisors,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-98\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[95]</a></sup> the Stanford Shakespeare Society, and the Stanford Savoyards, a group dedicated to performing the works of <a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan\" title=\"Gilbert and Sullivan\">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. There are award-winning <a href=\"/wiki/A_cappella\" title=\"A cappella\">a cappella</a> music groups including the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Mendicants\" title=\"Stanford Mendicants\">Mendicants</a>,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-99\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[96]</a></sup> Counterpoint,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-100\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[97]</a></sup> the Stanford Fleet Street Singers,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-101\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\">[98]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Harmonics\" title=\"Stanford Harmonics\">Harmonics</a>, Mixed Company,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-102\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[99]</a></sup> Testimony, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Talisman_A_Cappella\" title=\"Talisman A Cappella\">Talisman</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Everyday_People\" title=\"Stanford Everyday People\">Everyday People</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Raagapella\" title=\"Stanford Raagapella\">Raagapella</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-103\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">[100]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Creative_writing\" title=\"Creative writing\">creative writing</a> program brings young writers to campus via the <a href=\"/wiki/Stegner_Fellowship\" title=\"Stegner Fellowship\">Stegner Fellowships</a> and other graduate scholarship programs. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choice. The Stanford Spoken Word Collective, an extracurricular writing and performance group, also serves as the school's poetry slam team.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-104\"><a href=\"#cite_note-104\">[101]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. The Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which was offered on campus since the late 1970s, brought together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishing. It ended in 2009, although the tradition has continued at Yale with the Yale Publishing Course that began in 2010. Videos from the Stanford Professional Publishing Courses were available on their website as of 2014.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-105\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">[102]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Reputation_and_rankings\">Reputation and rankings</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\" title=\"Edit section: Reputation and rankings\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"></div>\n",
       "<table class=\"infobox\" style=\"width: 22em\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 125%\"><a href=\"/wiki/College_and_university_rankings\" title=\"College and university rankings\">University rankings</a></th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color: lavender; text-align: center\">National</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities\" title=\"Academic Ranking of World Universities\">ARWU</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_NU_106-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_NU-106\">[103]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>2</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_America%27s_Best_Colleges\" title=\"Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges\">Forbes</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_107-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes-107\">[104]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>1</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report\" title=\"U.S. News &amp; World Report\">U.S. News &amp; World Report</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_108-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-108\">[105]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>5</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Monthly\" title=\"Washington Monthly\">Washington Monthly</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_109-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-109\">[106]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>1</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color: lavender; text-align: center\">Global</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities\" title=\"Academic Ranking of World Universities\">ARWU</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_W_110-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-110\">[107]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>2</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings\" title=\"QS World University Rankings\">QS</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_111-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-111\">[108]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>2</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings\" title=\"Times Higher Education World University Rankings\">Times</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_112-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-112\">[109]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>3</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><i><a href=\"/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report\" title=\"U.S. News &amp; World Report\">U.S. News &amp; World Report</a></i><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_113-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-113\">[110]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>3</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "<p>Notably, Stanford ranks high and often first in many <a href=\"/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Rankings of universities in the United States\">domestic college ranking measures</a>, leading <i><a href=\"/wiki/Slate_(magazine)\" title=\"Slate (magazine)\">Slate</a></i> to dub Stanford in 2014 as \"the Harvard of the 21st century,\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-114\"><a href=\"#cite_note-114\">[111]</a></sup> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_York_Times\" title=\"The New York Times\">The New York Times</a></i> in the same year to conclude that \"Stanford University has become America’s 'it' school, by measures that Harvard once dominated.\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-115\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[112]</a></sup> From polls done by <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Princeton_Review\" title=\"The Princeton Review\">The Princeton Review</a></i> in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, the most commonly named \"dream college\" for students was Stanford; separately, parents, too, most frequently named Stanford as their \"dream college.\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-PRdream_116-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PRdream-116\">[113]</a></sup> The inaugural 2017 Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings picked Stanford as the No. 1 school in the United States.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-117\"><a href=\"#cite_note-117\">[114]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"4200\" data-file-width=\"2800\" height=\"330\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg/220px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg/330px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg/440px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_006.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Gate to the Main Quad</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>Globally, the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities\" title=\"Academic Ranking of World Universities\">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (ARWU)</i> ranked Stanford second most years from 2003 to 2016.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ARWU_118-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ARWU-118\">[115]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discoveries_and_innovation\">Discoveries and innovation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\" title=\"Edit section: Discoveries and innovation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote selfref\" role=\"note\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University#Discoveries_and_innovation\" title=\"Carnegie Mellon University\">Carnegie Mellon discoveries and innovation</a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign#Discoveries_and_innovation\" title=\"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\">Illinois discoveries and innovation</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Discoveries_and_innovation\" title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT discoveries and innovation</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley#Discoveries_and_innovation\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Cal Berkeley discoveries and innovation</a></div>\n",
       "<p>Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies; it is often held up as a model for <a href=\"/wiki/Technology_transfer\" title=\"Technology transfer\">technology transfer</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Page_119-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Page-119\">[116]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-120\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[117]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing developments and has been run by Katherine Ku since 1991. She took over from Niels Reimers who had been with the office for 23 years.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-121\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[118]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-otl-who_122-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-otl-who-122\">[119]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many companies including <a href=\"/wiki/Google\" title=\"Google\">Google</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hewlett-Packard\" title=\"Hewlett-Packard\">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nike,_Inc.\" title=\"Nike, Inc.\">Nike</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Instagram\" title=\"Instagram\">Instagram</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Snapchat\" title=\"Snapchat\">Snapchat</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/LinkedIn\" title=\"LinkedIn\">LinkedIn</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Yahoo!\" title=\"Yahoo!\">Yahoo!</a>, and companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-EcImpact_19-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EcImpact-19\">[18]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Developments include:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Biological_synthesis\" title=\"Biological synthesis\">biological synthesis</a> of <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid\" title=\"Deoxyribonucleic acid\">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) - <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg\" title=\"Arthur Kornberg\">Arthur Kornberg</a> synthesized DNA material and won the Nobel Prize in 1959 for his work at Stanford.</li>\n",
       "<li>First <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Transgenic_organism\" title=\"Transgenic organism\">Transgenic organism</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen\" title=\"Stanley Norman Cohen\">Stanley Cohen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Herbert_Boyer\" title=\"Herbert Boyer\">Herbert Boyer</a> were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetic engineering.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Yount_123-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Yount-123\">[120]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Cohen2013_124-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cohen2013-124\">[121]</a></sup> Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Human_growth_hormone\" title=\"Human growth hormone\">human growth hormone</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine\" title=\"Hepatitis B vaccine\">hepatitis B vaccine</a>.</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance\">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Felix_Bloch\" title=\"Felix Bloch\">Felix Bloch</a> developed new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements, which are the underlying principles of the <a href=\"/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging\" title=\"Magnetic resonance imaging\">MRI</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-125\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">[122]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-126\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[123]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Klystron_tube\" title=\"Klystron tube\">klystron tube</a> - invented by the brothers <a href=\"/wiki/Russell_and_Sigurd_Varian\" title=\"Russell and Sigurd Varian\">Russell and Sigurd Varian</a> at Stanford. Their prototype was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30, 1937.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-127\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[124]</a></sup> Upon publication in 1939, news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of US and UK researchers working on <a href=\"/wiki/Radar\" title=\"Radar\">radar</a> equipment.</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Laser\" title=\"Laser\">laser</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow\" title=\"Arthur Leonard Schawlow\">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> shared the 1981 <a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics\" title=\"Nobel Prize in Physics\">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen\" title=\"Nicolaas Bloembergen\">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn\" title=\"Kai Siegbahn\">Kai Siegbahn</a> for his work on <a href=\"/wiki/Laser\" title=\"Laser\">lasers</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-128\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[125]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-129\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[126]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/RISC\" title=\"RISC\">RISC</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/DARPA\" title=\"DARPA\">ARPA</a> funded <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/VLSI_project\" title=\"VLSI project\">VLSI project</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Microprocessor\" title=\"Microprocessor\">microprocessor</a> design. Stanford and <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Cal Berkeley</a> are most associated with the popularization of this concept. Stanford's design would go on to be commercialized as the successful <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MIPS_architecture\" title=\"MIPS architecture\">MIPS architecture</a>, while <a href=\"/wiki/Berkeley_RISC\" title=\"Berkeley RISC\">Berkeley RISC</a> gave its name to the entire concept, commercialized as the <a href=\"/wiki/SPARC\" title=\"SPARC\">SPARC</a>. Another success from this era were <a href=\"/wiki/IBM\" title=\"IBM\">IBM</a>'s efforts that eventually led to the <a href=\"/wiki/Power_Architecture\" title=\"Power Architecture\">Power Architecture</a>. As these projects matured, a wide variety of similar designs flourished in the late 1980s and especially the early 1990s, representing a major force in the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Unix_workstation\" title=\"Unix workstation\">Unix workstation</a> market as well as <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Embedded_processor\" title=\"Embedded processor\">embedded processors</a> in <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Laser_printer\" title=\"Laser printer\">laser printers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Router_(computing)\" title=\"Router (computing)\">routers</a> and similar products.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-coinrisk_130-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coinrisk-130\">[127]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis\" title=\"Frequency modulation synthesis\">Frequency modulation synthesis</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/John_Chowning\" title=\"John Chowning\">John Chowning</a> discovered the FM synthesis algorithm in 1967.</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Google\" title=\"Google\">Google</a> - Google began in January 1996 as a research project by <a href=\"/wiki/Larry_Page\" title=\"Larry Page\">Larry Page</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sergey_Brin\" title=\"Sergey Brin\">Sergey Brin</a> when they were both PhD students at Stanford.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-milestones_131-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-milestones-131\">[128]</a></sup> They were working on the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project\" title=\"Stanford Digital Library Project\">Stanford Digital Library Project</a> (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library\" and it was funded through the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Science_Foundation\" title=\"National Science Foundation\">National Science Foundation</a>, among other federal agencies.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-132\"><a href=\"#cite_note-132\">[129]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SUN_workstation\" title=\"SUN workstation\">SUN workstation</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim\" title=\"Andy Bechtolsheim\">Andy Bechtolsheim</a> designed the SUN workstation for the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Network\" title=\"Stanford University Network\">Stanford University Network</a> communications project as a personal <a href=\"/wiki/Computer-aided_design\" title=\"Computer-aided design\">CAD</a> workstation.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-133\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[130]</a></sup> Which led to <a href=\"/wiki/Sun_Microsystems\" title=\"Sun Microsystems\">Sun Microsystems</a>.</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/ARPANET\" title=\"ARPANET\">ARPANET</a> - <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute\" title=\"Stanford Research Institute\">Stanford Research Institute</a>, formerly part of Stanford but on a separate campus, was the site of one of the four original ARPANET nodes.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-SU-ITS_134-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SU-ITS-134\">[131]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<p><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-135\"><a href=\"#cite_note-135\">[132]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Student_life\">Student life</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\" title=\"Edit section: Student life\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Student_body\">Student body</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\" title=\"Edit section: Student body\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center; width: 50%; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em;\">\n",
       "<caption>Demographics of students 2011/2012 and comparison to California and United States Census 2011 estimates<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-6\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS2011_136-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS2011-136\">[133]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-137\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[134]</a></sup></caption>\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th></th>\n",
       "<th>Undergraduate</th>\n",
       "<th>Adjusted Percentage<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-138\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[notedemo 1]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<th>Graduate</th>\n",
       "<th>California</th>\n",
       "<th>United States</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/African_American\" title=\"African American\">Black or African American</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-non-hispanic-139\">[notedemo 2]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>7.32% (507)</td>\n",
       "<td>8.22%</td>\n",
       "<td>3% (279)</td>\n",
       "<td>6.6%</td>\n",
       "<td>13.1%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Asian_American\" title=\"Asian American\">Asian</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-non-hispanic-139\">[notedemo 2]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>18.15% (1257)</td>\n",
       "<td>19.64%</td>\n",
       "<td>13% (1182)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-graddata_140-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-graddata-140\">[notedemo 3]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "<td>13.6%</td>\n",
       "<td>5.0%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/White_American\" title=\"White American\">White</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-non-hispanic-139\">[notedemo 2]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>36.45% (2525)</td>\n",
       "<td>39.45%</td>\n",
       "<td>36% (3163)</td>\n",
       "<td>39.7%</td>\n",
       "<td>63.4%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Hispanics in the United States\">Hispanic/Latino</a></th>\n",
       "<td>16.60% (1150)</td>\n",
       "<td>17.97%</td>\n",
       "<td>5% (475)</td>\n",
       "<td>38.1%</td>\n",
       "<td>16.7%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a href=\"/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Native Americans in the United States\">American Indian or Alaska Native</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-3\"><a href=\"#cite_note-non-hispanic-139\">[notedemo 2]</a></sup></th>\n",
       "<td>0.91% (63)</td>\n",
       "<td>0.98%</td>\n",
       "<td>1% (68)</td>\n",
       "<td>1.7%</td>\n",
       "<td>1.2%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th>Native Hawaiian or other U.S. Pacific Islander</th>\n",
       "<td>0.46% (32)</td>\n",
       "<td>0.46%</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-graddata_140-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-graddata-140\">[notedemo 3]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "<td>0.5%</td>\n",
       "<td>0.2%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th>Two or more races</th>\n",
       "<td>11.58% (802)</td>\n",
       "<td>12.53%</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-graddata_140-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-graddata-140\">[notedemo 3]</a></sup></td>\n",
       "<td>3.6%</td>\n",
       "<td>2.3%</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th>Race/ethnicity unknown</th>\n",
       "<td>0.94% (65)</td>\n",
       "<td>1.02%</td>\n",
       "<td>1% (61)</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th><a href=\"/wiki/International_student\" title=\"International student\">International student</a></th>\n",
       "<td>7.59% (526)</td>\n",
       "<td>33%</td>\n",
       "<td>33% (2893)</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a</td>\n",
       "<td>n/a</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td colspan=\"6\"><b>Notes</b>\n",
       "<ol class=\"references\">\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">adjusted for US citizens and permanent residents only since racial breakdown in the Stanford data is not given for students here on temporary visas. The census data for California and the United States as a whole does include people who are here on temporary visas or who are undocumented.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-non-hispanic-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-non-hispanic_139-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Does not include Hispanic Americans</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-graddata-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-graddata_140-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-graddata_140-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-graddata_140-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The data for graduate students merges Asian with Pacific Islander. Also no separate category for multiple races.</span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "<p>Stanford enrolled 7,061 undergraduate<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-7\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> and 11,075 graduate students<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-8\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> as of October 2013, and women comprised 47% of undergraduates and 41% of professional and graduate students.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-9\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> In the same academic year, the freshman retention rate was 99%.</p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford awarded 1,715 undergraduate degrees, 2,278 Master's degrees, 764 doctoral degrees, and 366 professional degrees in the 2011–2012 school year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-10\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> The four-year graduation rate in the class of 2011 was 76%, and the six-year rate was 96%.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-11\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup> The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or \"coterm\") program, which allows students to earn a master's degree as an extension of their undergraduate program.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-141\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[135]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>As of 2010, fifteen percent of undergraduates were first-generation students.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-142\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[136]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Dormitories_and_student_housing\">Dormitories and student housing</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\" title=\"Edit section: Dormitories and student housing\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_student_housing\" title=\"Stanford University student housing\">Stanford University student housing</a></div>\n",
       "<p>As of 2013, 89% of undergraduate students lived in on-campus university housing. First-year undergraduates are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-CDS_91-12\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CDS-91\">[88]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-143\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[137]</a></sup> Undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Row_House_Program\" title=\"Stanford Row House Program\">row houses</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University#Greek_life\" title=\"Stanford University\">fraternities and sororities</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ugradres_144-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ugradres-144\">[138]</a></sup> At Manzanita Park, 118 <a href=\"/wiki/Mobile_home\" title=\"Mobile home\">mobile homes</a> were installed as \"temporary\" housing from 1969 to 1991, but as of 2015 was the site of newer dorms Castano, Kimball, Lantana, and the Humanities House, completed in 2015.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-145\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[139]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-146\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">[140]</a></sup> Most student residences are just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are reserved for freshman, sophomores, or upperclass students and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male <a href=\"/wiki/Fraternity\" title=\"Fraternity\">fraternities</a>, three are all-female <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Sorority\" title=\"Sorority\">sororities</a>, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors), including all Wilbur dorms except for Arroyo and Okada.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-147\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[141]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford-bikes.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1512\" data-file-width=\"2016\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stanford-bikes.jpg/220px-Stanford-bikes.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stanford-bikes.jpg/330px-Stanford-bikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stanford-bikes.jpg/440px-Stanford-bikes.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford-bikes.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language and Culture Houses include EAST (Education And Society Themed House), Hammarskjöld (International Themed House), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Themed House), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Themed House), Storey (Human Biology Themed House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture). Cross-Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Themed House), Okada (Asian-American Themed House in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Themed House in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Freshman-Sophomore_College\" title=\"Freshman-Sophomore College\">Freshman-Sophomore College</a> (Academic Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts &amp; Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ugradres_144-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ugradres-144\">[138]</a></sup> Theme houses predating the current \"theme\" classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970),<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-148\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">[142]</a></sup> and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-149\"><a href=\"#cite_note-149\">[143]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p><a href=\"/wiki/Housing_cooperative\" title=\"Housing cooperative\">Co-ops</a> or \"Self-Ops\" are another housing option. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered. Many co-ops are hubs of music, art and philosophy. The co-ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row (formerly Chi Theta Chi), Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld, Kairos, Terra (the unofficial <a href=\"/wiki/LGBT\" title=\"LGBT\">LGBT</a> house),<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-150\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[144]</a></sup> and Synergy.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-151\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[145]</a></sup> Phi Sigma, at 1018 Campus Drive was formerly <a href=\"/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa\" title=\"Phi Sigma Kappa\">Phi Sigma Kappa</a> fraternity, but in 1973 became a Self-Op.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-152\"><a href=\"#cite_note-152\">[146]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>As of 2015 around 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-153\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[147]</a></sup> First-year graduate students are guaranteed on-campus housing. Stanford also subsidizes off-campus apartments in nearby <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto\" title=\"Palo Alto\">Palo Alto</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California\" title=\"Menlo Park, California\">Menlo Park</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mountain_View,_California\" title=\"Mountain View, California\">Mountain View</a> for graduate students who are guaranteed on-campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-154\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[148]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Athletics\">Athletics</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\" title=\"Edit section: Athletics\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal\">Stanford Cardinal</a></div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanstadium_view.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"614\" data-file-width=\"819\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stanstadium_view.jpg/220px-Stanstadium_view.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stanstadium_view.jpg/330px-Stanstadium_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stanstadium_view.jpg/440px-Stanstadium_view.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanstadium_view.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "The new <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Stadium\" title=\"Stanford Stadium\">Stanford Stadium</a>, site of home football games.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"705\" data-file-width=\"937\" height=\"166\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg/220px-11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg/330px-11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg/440px-11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "The <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Junior_University_Marching_Band\" title=\"Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band\">Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band</a> rallies football fans with arrangements of \"All Right Now\" and other contemporary music.</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p>As of 2016 Stanford had 16 male varsity sports and 20 female varsity sports,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-155\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[149]</a></sup> 19 club sports<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-156\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[150]</a></sup> and about 27 intramural sports<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-157\"><a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[151]</a></sup> In 1930, following a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot \"Indian.\" The Indian symbol and name were later dropped by President <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Wall_Lyman\" title=\"Richard Wall Lyman\">Richard Lyman</a> in 1972, after objections from <a href=\"/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Native Americans in the United States\">Native American</a> students and a vote by the student senate.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-mascot_158-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mascot-158\">[152]</a></sup> The sports teams are now officially referred to as the \"Stanford Cardinal\", referring to the <a href=\"/wiki/Cardinal_(color)\" title=\"Cardinal (color)\">deep red color</a>, not the <a href=\"/wiki/Cardinal_(bird)\" title=\"Cardinal (bird)\">cardinal bird</a>. Stanford is a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference\">Pac-12 Conference</a> in most sports, the <a href=\"/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation\" title=\"Mountain Pacific Sports Federation\">Mountain Pacific Sports Federation</a> in several other sports, and the <a href=\"/wiki/America_East_Conference\" title=\"America East Conference\">America East Conference</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Field_hockey\" title=\"Field hockey\">field hockey</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-159\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">[153]</a></sup> with the participation in the inter-collegiate <a href=\"/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association\" title=\"National Collegiate Athletic Association\">NCAA's</a> <a href=\"/wiki/NCAA_Division_I\" title=\"NCAA Division I\">Division I</a> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision\" title=\"Football Bowl Subdivision\">FBS</a>.</p>\n",
       "<p>Its traditional sports rival is <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Berkeley</a>, the neighbor to the north in the East Bay. The winner of the annual \"<a href=\"/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)\" title=\"Big Game (American football)\">Big Game</a>\" between the <a href=\"/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football\" title=\"California Golden Bears football\">Cal</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal football\">Cardinal</a> football teams gains custody of <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_Stanford_Axe\" title=\"The Stanford Axe\">the Stanford Axe</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-160\"><a href=\"#cite_note-160\">[154]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Stanford has had at least one NCAA team champion every year since the 1976–77 school year<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-161\"><a href=\"#cite_note-161\">[155]</a></sup> and has earned 112 NCAA national team titles since its establishment, second most, and only 1 fewer than the four times larger enrollment <a href=\"/wiki/UCLA_Bruins\" title=\"UCLA Bruins\">UCLA Bruins</a>, and Stanford has won 483 individual national championships, the most by any university.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-gostanford.com_16-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gostanford.com-16\">[15]</a></sup> Stanford has won the award for the top-ranked collegiate athletic program — the <a href=\"/wiki/NACDA_Directors%27_Cup\" title=\"NACDA Directors' Cup\">NACDA Directors' Cup</a>, formerly known as the Sears Cup – annually for the past twenty-two straight years.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-162\"><a href=\"#cite_note-162\">[156]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-163\"><a href=\"#cite_note-163\">[157]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_athletics_164-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_athletics-164\">[158]</a></sup> Stanford athletes have won medals in every <a href=\"/wiki/Olympic_Games\" title=\"Olympic Games\">Olympic Games</a> since 1912, winning 270 Olympic medals total, 139 of them gold.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-165\"><a href=\"#cite_note-165\">[159]</a></sup> In the <a href=\"/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics\" title=\"2008 Summer Olympics\">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, and 2016 Summer Olympics, Stanford won more Olympic medals than any other university in the United States.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-166\"><a href=\"#cite_note-166\">[160]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-167\"><a href=\"#cite_note-167\">[161]</a></sup> Stanford athletes won 16 medals at the 2012 Summer Games (12 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze), and 27 medals at the 2016 Summer Games.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-olympics12_168-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-olympics12-168\">[162]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Traditions\">Traditions</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\" title=\"Edit section: Traditions\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_banner.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"384\" data-file-width=\"245\" height=\"345\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stanford_banner.jpg/220px-Stanford_banner.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Stanford_banner.jpg 1.5x\" width=\"220\"/></a>\n",
       "<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n",
       "<div class=\"magnify\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_banner.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>\n",
       "Vintage Stanford University postcard</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>The unofficial motto of Stanford University, selected by President Jordan, is \"<i>Die Luft der Freiheit weht.</i>\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_founding_169-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_founding-169\">[163]</a></sup> Translated from the German language, this quotation from <a href=\"/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten\" title=\"Ulrich von Hutten\">Ulrich von Hutten</a> means, \"The wind of freedom blows.\" The motto was controversial during World War I, when anything in German was suspect; at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-casper_1-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-casper-1\">[1]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>\"Hail, Stanford, Hail\" is the Stanford Hymn sometimes sung at ceremonies or adapted by the various University singing groups. It was written in 1892 by mechanical engineering professor Albert W. Smith and his wife, Mary Roberts Smith (in 1896 she earned the first Stanford doctorate in Economics and later became associate professor of Sociology), but was not officially adopted until after a performance on campus in March 1902 by the <a href=\"/wiki/Mormon_Tabernacle_Choir\" title=\"Mormon Tabernacle Choir\">Mormon Tabernacle Choir</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-170\"><a href=\"#cite_note-170\">[164]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-171\"><a href=\"#cite_note-171\">[165]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-172\"><a href=\"#cite_note-172\">[166]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-173\"><a href=\"#cite_note-173\">[167]</a></sup> but in 1953 the degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman was created to recognize individuals who give rare and extraordinary service to the University. Technically, this degree is awarded by the Stanford Associates, a voluntary group that is part of the university's alumni association. As Stanford's highest honor, it is not conferred at prescribed intervals, but only when appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include <a href=\"/wiki/Herbert_Hoover\" title=\"Herbert Hoover\">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Bill_Hewlett\" title=\"Bill Hewlett\">Bill Hewlett</a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Dave_Packard\" title=\"Dave Packard\">Dave Packard</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lucile_Packard_Foundation_for_Children%27s_Health#Lucile_Packard\" title=\"Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health\">Lucile Packard</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/John_W._Gardner\" title=\"John W. Gardner\">John Gardner</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-174\"><a href=\"#cite_note-174\">[168]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Big_Game_(football)\" title=\"Big Game (football)\">Big Game</a> events: The events in the week leading up to the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Big_Game_(football)\" title=\"Big Game (football)\">Big Game</a> vs. <a href=\"/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football\" title=\"California Golden Bears football\">UC Berkeley</a>, including Gaieties (a musical written, composed, produced, and performed by the students of Ram's Head Theatrical Society),<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-175\"><a href=\"#cite_note-175\">[169]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Viennese Ball: a formal <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Ball_(dance)\" title=\"Ball (dance)\">ball</a> with <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Waltzes\" title=\"Waltzes\">waltzes</a> that was initially started in the 1970s by students returning from the now-closed Stanford in <a href=\"/wiki/Vienna\" title=\"Vienna\">Vienna</a> overseas program.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-176\"><a href=\"#cite_note-176\">[170]</a></sup> It is now open to all students.</li>\n",
       "<li>Mausoleum Party: An annual <a href=\"/wiki/Halloween\" title=\"Halloween\">Halloween</a> Party at the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum\" title=\"Stanford Mausoleum\">Stanford Mausoleum</a>, the final resting place of <a href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr.\" title=\"Leland Stanford Jr.\">Leland Stanford Jr.</a> and his parents. A 20-year tradition, the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005 due to a lack of funding, but was revived in 2006.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-177\"><a href=\"#cite_note-177\">[171]</a></sup> In 2008, it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum, because rain prohibited generators from being rented.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-178\"><a href=\"#cite_note-178\">[172]</a></sup> In 2009, after fundraising efforts by the Junior Class Presidents and the ASSU Executive, the event was able to return to the Mausoleum despite facing budget cuts earlier in the year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-179\"><a href=\"#cite_note-179\">[173]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on <a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Lagunita\" title=\"Lake Lagunita\">Lake Lagunita</a> (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall), which was formally ended in 1997 because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-180\"><a href=\"#cite_note-180\">[174]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Religious_life\">Religious life</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\" title=\"Edit section: Religious life\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions. The Stanford Office for Religious Life's mission is \"to guide, nurture and enhance spiritual, religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community\" by promoting enriching dialogue, meaningful ritual, and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds. It is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean. <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church\" title=\"Stanford Memorial Church\">Stanford Memorial Church</a>, in the center of campus, has a Sunday University Public Worship service (UPW) usually in the \"Protestant Ecumenical Christian\" tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life. UPW sometimes has multifaith services.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-181\"><a href=\"#cite_note-181\">[175]</a></sup> In addition the church is used by the Catholic community and by some of the other Christian denominations at Stanford. Weddings happen most Saturdays and the university has for over 20 years allowed blessings of same-gender relationships and now legal weddings.</p>\n",
       "<p>In addition to the church, the Office for Religious Life has a Center for Inter-Religious Community, Learning and Experiences (CIRCLE) on the third floor of Old Union. It offers a common room, an interfaith sanctuary, a seminar room, a student lounge area and a reading room, as well as offices housing a number of Stanford Associated Religions (SAR) member groups and the Senior Associate Dean and Associate Dean for Religious Life. Most though not all religious student groups belong to SAR. The SAR directory includes organizations that serve atheist, Baha'i, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam, Jewish, and Sikh groups, though these groups vary year by year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-182\"><a href=\"#cite_note-182\">[176]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>The Windhover Contemplation Center was dedicated in October 2014, and was intended to provide spiritual sanctuary for students and staff in the midst of their course and work schedules; the center displays the \"Windhover\" paintings by <a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Olivera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Nathan Olivera (page does not exist)\">Nathan Olivera</a>, the late Stanford professor and artist.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-183\"><a href=\"#cite_note-183\">[177]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Some religions have a larger and more formal presence on campus in addition to the student groups; these include the Catholic Community at Stanford<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-184\"><a href=\"#cite_note-184\">[178]</a></sup> and Hillel at Stanford.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-185\"><a href=\"#cite_note-185\">[179]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Greek_life\">Greek life</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23\" title=\"Edit section: Greek life\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891, when the university first opened. In 1944, University President <a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Tresidder\" title=\"Donald Tresidder\">Donald Tresidder</a> banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-186\"><a href=\"#cite_note-186\">[180]</a></sup> However, following <a href=\"/wiki/Title_IX\" title=\"Title IX\">Title IX</a>, the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-187\"><a href=\"#cite_note-187\">[181]</a></sup> Students are not permitted to join a fraternity or sorority until Spring quarter of their freshman year.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-greek-faq_188-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-greek-faq-188\">[182]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>As of 2016 Stanford had 31 Greek organizations, including 14 sororities and 16 fraternities. Nine of the Greek organizations are housed (eight in University owned houses and one, <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Chi\" title=\"Sigma Chi\">Sigma Chi</a>, in their own house [though the land is the University]<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-daily-summer-chi_189-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-daily-summer-chi-189\">[183]</a></sup>). Six chapters were members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters were members of the Interfraternity Council, 7 chapters belonged to the Intersorority Council, and 6 chapters belonged to the Multicultural Greek Council.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-190\"><a href=\"#cite_note-190\">[184]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>Stanford is home to three unhoused historically NPHC (<a href=\"/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council\" title=\"National Pan-Hellenic Council\">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> or \"Divine Nine\") sororities (<a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha\" title=\"Alpha Kappa Alpha\">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta\" title=\"Delta Sigma Theta\">Delta Sigma Theta</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho\" title=\"Sigma Gamma Rho\">Sigma Gamma Rho</a>) and three unhoused NPHC fraternities (<a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha\" title=\"Alpha Phi Alpha\">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi\" title=\"Kappa Alpha Psi\">Kappa Alpha Psi</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma\" title=\"Phi Beta Sigma\">Phi Beta Sigma</a>). These fraternities and sororities operate under the AAFSA (African American Fraternal Sororal Association) at Stanford.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:0_191-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-191\">[185]</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)\">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Seven historically NPC (<a href=\"/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference\" title=\"National Panhellenic Conference\">National Panhellenic Conference</a>) sororities, four of which are unhoused (<a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Phi\" title=\"Alpha Phi\">Alpha Phi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi\" title=\"Alpha Epsilon Phi\">Alpha Epsilon Phi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Chi_Omega\" title=\"Chi Omega\">Chi Omega</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma\" title=\"Kappa Kappa Gamma\">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a>) and three of which are housed (<a href=\"/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta\" title=\"Delta Delta Delta\">Delta Delta Delta</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta\" title=\"Kappa Alpha Theta\">Kappa Alpha Theta</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi\" title=\"Pi Beta Phi\">Pi Beta Phi</a>) call Stanford home. These sororities operate under the Stanford Inter-sorority Council (ISC).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:0_191-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-191\">[185]</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)\">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>\n",
       "<li>Eleven historically NIC (<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/National_Interfraternity_Conference\" title=\"National Interfraternity Conference\">National Interfraternity Conference</a>) fraternities are also represented at Stanford, including five unhoused fraternities (<a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi\" title=\"Alpha Epsilon Pi\">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon\" title=\"Delta Kappa Epsilon\">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta\" title=\"Delta Tau Delta\">Delta Tau Delta</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon\" title=\"Sigma Alpha Epsilon\">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon\" title=\"Sigma Phi Epsilon\">Sigma Phi Epsilon</a>), and six housed fraternities (<a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order\" title=\"Kappa Alpha Order\">Kappa Alpha Order</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Sigma\" title=\"Kappa Sigma\">Kappa Sigma</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi\" title=\"Phi Kappa Psi\">Phi Kappa Psi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Chi\" title=\"Sigma Chi\">Sigma Chi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Nu\" title=\"Sigma Nu\">Sigma Nu</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi\" title=\"Theta Delta Chi\">Theta Delta Chi</a>). These fraternities operate under the Stanford Inter-fraternity Council (IFC).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:0_191-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-191\">[185]</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)\">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>\n",
       "<li>There are also four unhoused MGC (Multicultural Greek Council) sororities on campus (<a href=\"/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Delta_Phi\" title=\"Alpha Kappa Delta Phi\">Alpha Kappa Delta Phi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Nu\" title=\"Lambda Theta Nu\">Lambda Theta Nu</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Psi_Zeta\" title=\"Sigma Psi Zeta\">Sigma Psi Zeta</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Psi\" title=\"Sigma Theta Psi\">Sigma Theta Psi</a>), as well as two unhoused MGC fraternities (<a href=\"/wiki/Gamma_Zeta_Alpha\" title=\"Gamma Zeta Alpha\">Gamma Zeta Alpha</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon\" title=\"Lambda Phi Epsilon\">Lambda Phi Epsilon</a>). Lambda Phi Epsilon is recognized by the National Interfraternity Conference (NIC).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-192\"><a href=\"#cite_note-192\">[186]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Student_groups\">Student groups</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24\" title=\"Edit section: Student groups\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>As of 2014 Stanford had 650 student organizations.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-193\"><a href=\"#cite_note-193\">[187]</a></sup> Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the University via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include \"special fees\", which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span from Athletic/Recreational (see section on <a href=\"#Athletics\">Athletics</a>), Careers/Pre-professional, Community Service, Ethnic/Cultural, Fraternities/Sororities, Health/Counseling, Media/Publications, Music/Dance/Creative Arts (see section on <a href=\"#Art\">Arts</a>), Political/Social Awareness to Religious/Philosophical.</p>\n",
       "<p>The <i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Daily\" title=\"Stanford Daily\">Stanford Daily</a></i> is the daily newspaper and has been published since the University was founded in 1892.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-194\"><a href=\"#cite_note-194\">[188]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/The_Stanford_Review\" title=\"The Stanford Review\">The Stanford Review</a> is a conservative student newspaper founded in 1987.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-review_195-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-review-195\">[189]</a></sup> The student-run radio station, <a href=\"/wiki/KZSU\" title=\"KZSU\">KZSU</a> Stanford 90.1 FM, features freeform music programming, sports commentary, and news segments; it started in 1947 as an AM radio station.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-196\"><a href=\"#cite_note-196\">[190]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Students run <i>SUpost.com</i>, an online marketplace for Stanford students and alumni, in partnership with Stanford Student Enterprises (SSE) and the Stanford Pre-Business Association.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-197\"><a href=\"#cite_note-197\">[191]</a></sup> The latter is intended to build connections among industry, alumni, and student communities. Stanford Marketing is a student group that provides students hands on training through research and strategy consulting projects with <a href=\"/wiki/Fortune_500\" title=\"Fortune 500\">Fortune 500</a> clients, as well as workshops led by people from industry and professors in the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business\" title=\"Stanford Graduate School of Business\">Stanford Graduate School of Business</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-198\"><a href=\"#cite_note-198\">[192]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-199\"><a href=\"#cite_note-199\">[193]</a></sup> Stanford Finance provides mentoring and internships for students who want to enter a career in finance. The <a href=\"/wiki/Business_Association_of_Stanford_Entrepreneurial_Students\" title=\"Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students\">Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students</a> (BASES), is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members. Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs. <a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Women_In_Business&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Stanford Women In Business (page does not exist)\">Stanford Women In Business</a> (SWIB) is an on-campus business organization consisting of over a board of 40 and 100 active members. Each year, SWIB organizes over 25 events and workshops, hosts a winter and spring conference, and provides mentorship and spring quarter internships. <a href=\"/wiki/StartX\" title=\"StartX\">StartX</a> is a non-profit startup accelerator for student and faculty-led <a href=\"/wiki/Startup_company\" title=\"Startup company\">startups</a><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-200\"><a href=\"#cite_note-200\">[194]</a></sup> that over 12% of the study body has applied to. It is staffed primarily by students.</p>\n",
       "<p>Other groups include:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Axe\" title=\"Stanford Axe\">Stanford Axe</a> and the rest of the time assists the <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Band\" title=\"Stanford Band\">Stanford Band</a> as a supplementary spirit group. It has existed since 1982.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-201\"><a href=\"#cite_note-201\">[195]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>The <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_solar_car_project\" title=\"Stanford solar car project\">Stanford solar car project</a>, in which students build a solar-powered car every 2 years and race it in either the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/North_American_Solar_Challenge\" title=\"North American Solar Challenge\">North American Solar Challenge</a> or the <a href=\"/wiki/World_Solar_Challenge\" title=\"World Solar Challenge\">World Solar Challenge</a>.</li>\n",
       "<li>The Pilipino American Student Union (PASU),<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-202\"><a href=\"#cite_note-202\">[196]</a></sup> a culture-oriented community service and social activism group. Also integral to PASU is a traditional performing arts arm called Kayumanggi.</li>\n",
       "<li>The Stanford Improvisors (SIMPS for short) teach and perform improvisational theatre on campus and in the surrounding community.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-203\"><a href=\"#cite_note-203\">[197]</a></sup> In 2014 the group finished second in the Golden Gate Regional College Improv tournament<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-204\"><a href=\"#cite_note-204\">[198]</a></sup> and they've since been invited twice to perform at the annual <a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_Improv_Festival&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"San Francisco Improv Festival (page does not exist)\">San Francisco Improv Festival</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-205\"><a href=\"#cite_note-205\">[199]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Asha_for_Education\" title=\"Asha for Education\">Asha for Education</a> is a national student group founded in 1991 by V.J.P.Srivatsavoy, Deepak Gupta, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sandeep_Pandey\" title=\"Sandeep Pandey\">Sandeep Pandey</a>. It focuses mainly on education in India and supporting nonprofit organizations that work mainly in the education sector. Asha's Stanford chapter organizes events like <a href=\"/wiki/Holi\" title=\"Holi\">Holi</a> as well as lectures by prominent leaders from India at the university campus.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-206\"><a href=\"#cite_note-206\">[200]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-207\"><a href=\"#cite_note-207\">[201]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-208\"><a href=\"#cite_note-208\">[202]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Safety\">Safety</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25\" title=\"Edit section: Safety\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Stanford's Department of Public Safety is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus. Its deputy sheriffs are <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Peace_officers\" title=\"Peace officers\">peace officers</a> by arrangement with the <a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Sheriff%27s_Office\" title=\"Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office\">Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-police-employment_209-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-police-employment-209\">[203]</a></sup> The department is also responsible for publishing an annual crime report covering the previous three years as required by the <a href=\"/wiki/Clery_Act\" title=\"Clery Act\">Clery Act</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-clery_210-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clery-210\">[204]</a></sup> Fire protection has been provided by contract with the Palo Alto Fire Department since 1976.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-fire-dispute_211-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fire-dispute-211\">[205]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Murder is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including <a href=\"/wiki/Theodore_Streleski\" title=\"Theodore Streleski\">Theodore Streleski</a>'s murder of his professor in 1978 and the unsolved 1974 murder of <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Arlis_Perry\" title=\"Arlis Perry\">Arlis Perry</a> in Stanford Memorial Church.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-daily-murder_212-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-daily-murder-212\">[206]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>In Stanford University's 2015 Campus Climate Survey, 4.7 percent of female undergraduates reported experiencing sexual assault as defined by the university and 32.9 percent reported experiencing sexual misconduct.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:4_213-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-213\">[207]</a></sup> According to the survey, 85% of perpetrators of misconduct were Stanford students and 80% were men.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:4_213-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-213\">[207]</a></sup> Perpetrators of sexual misconduct were frequently aided by alcohol or drugs, according to the survey: \"Nearly three-fourths of the students whose responses were categorized as sexual assault indicated that the act was accomplished by a person or person taking advantage of them when they were drunk or high, according to the survey. Close to 70 percent of students who reported an experience of sexual misconduct involving nonconsensual penetration and/or oral sex indicated the same.\"<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:4_213-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-213\">[207]</a></sup> Associated Students of Stanford University and student and alumni activists with the anti-rape group Stand with Leah criticized the survey methodology for downgrading incidents involving alcohol if students did not check two separate boxes indicating they were both intoxicated and incapacity while sexually assaulted.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-:4_213-3\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-213\">[207]</a></sup> Reporting on the Brock Turner rape case, a reporter from <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i> analyzed campus rape reports submitted by universities to the U.S. Department of Education, and found that Stanford was one of the top ten universities in campus rapes in 2014, with 26 reported that year, but when analyzed by rapes per 1000 students, Stanford was not among the top ten.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-214\"><a href=\"#cite_note-214\">[208]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/People_v._Turner\" title=\"People v. Turner\">People v. Turner</a></div>\n",
       "<p>Early in the morning of January 18, 2015, a woman visiting campus to attend a party at the <a href=\"/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order\" title=\"Kappa Alpha Order\">Kappa Alpha</a> fraternity was raped by Brock Turner, a freshman who had a swimming scholarship. The rape was interrupted by two Swedish graduate students.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-NYToutrage_215-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYToutrage-215\">[209]</a></sup> Stanford immediately referred the case to prosecutors and offered the woman counseling, and within two weeks had barred Turner from campus after conducting an investigation.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-216\"><a href=\"#cite_note-216\">[210]</a></sup> Turner was convicted on three felony charges in March 2016 and in June 2016 he received a jail sentence of six months and was declared a sex offender, requiring him to register as such for the rest of his life; prosecutors had sought a six-year prison sentence out of the maximum 14 years that was possible.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-217\"><a href=\"#cite_note-217\">[211]</a></sup> The case and the relatively lenient sentence drew nationwide attention.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-218\"><a href=\"#cite_note-218\">[212]</a></sup> The judge in the case, a Stanford graduate, faced a recall effort in the aftermath.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-NYToutrage_215-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYToutrage-215\">[209]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Lonsdale#Personal\" title=\"Joe Lonsdale\">Joe Lonsdale § Personal</a></div>\n",
       "<p>In February 2015, Elise Clougherty filed a sexual assault and harassment lawsuit against venture capitalist <a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Lonsdale\" title=\"Joe Lonsdale\">Joe Lonsdale</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Benner_219-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Benner-219\">[213]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bazelon1-220\">[214]</a></sup> Lonsdale and Clougherty entered into a relationship in the spring of 2012 when she was a junior and he was her mentor in a Stanford entrepreneurship course.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bazelon1-220\">[214]</a></sup> By the spring of 2013 Clougherty had broken off the relationship and filed charges at Stanford that Lonsdale had broken the Stanford policy against consensual relationships between students and faculty and that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her, which resulted in Lonsdale being banned from Stanford for 10 years.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bazelon1-220\">[214]</a></sup> Lonsdale challenged Stanford's finding that he had had sexually assaulted and harassed her and Stanford rescinded that finding and the campus ban in the fall of 2015.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-221\"><a href=\"#cite_note-221\">[215]</a></sup> Clougherty withdrew her suit that fall as well.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-222\"><a href=\"#cite_note-222\">[216]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"People\">People</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26\" title=\"Edit section: People\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_people\" title=\"List of Stanford University people\">List of Stanford University people</a></div>\n",
       "<p>As of late 2014, Stanford had 2,118 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical center faculty.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-1\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Award_laureates_and_scholars\">Award laureates and scholars</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27\" title=\"Edit section: Award laureates and scholars\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n",
       "<p>Stanford's current community of scholars includes:</p>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>21 <a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Prize\" title=\"Nobel Prize\">Nobel Prize</a> laureates (official count; <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation\" title=\"List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation\">58 affiliates in total</a>);<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-2\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>155 members of the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"United States National Academy of Sciences\">National Academy of Sciences</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-3\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>105 members of <a href=\"/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering\" title=\"National Academy of Engineering\">National Academy of Engineering</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-4\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>66 members of <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine\" title=\"Institute of Medicine\">Institute of Medicine</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-5\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>277 members of the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\" title=\"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-6\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>20 recipients of the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science\" title=\"National Medal of Science\">National Medal of Science</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-7\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>2 recipients of the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology\" title=\"National Medal of Technology\">National Medal of Technology</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-8\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>3 recipients of the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal\" title=\"National Humanities Medal\">National Humanities Medal</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-9\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>50 members of <a href=\"/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society\" title=\"American Philosophical Society\">American Philosophical Society</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-10\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>56 fellows of the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/American_Physics_Society\" title=\"American Physics Society\">American Physics Society</a> (since 1995);<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-223\"><a href=\"#cite_note-223\">[217]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>5 <a href=\"/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize\" title=\"Pulitzer Prize\">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-11\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>27 <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow\" title=\"MacArthur Fellow\">MacArthur Fellows</a>;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-12\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>5 <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Wolf_Foundation_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Foundation Prize\">Wolf Foundation Prize</a> winners;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-13\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>2 <a href=\"/wiki/Association_for_Computational_Linguistics\" title=\"Association for Computational Linguistics\">ACL</a> Lifetime Achievement Award winners;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-224\"><a href=\"#cite_note-224\">[218]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>14 <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/AAAI\" title=\"AAAI\">AAAI</a> fellows;<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-225\"><a href=\"#cite_note-225\">[219]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "<li>3 <a href=\"/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom\" title=\"Presidential Medal of Freedom\">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> winners.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-14\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-Teller_226-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Teller-226\">[220]</a></sup></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<p>Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes 31 <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation\" title=\"List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation\">Nobel laureates</a>,<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-15\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\">[5]</a></sup> as well as 19 recipients (22 if visiting professors and consulting professors included) of the <a href=\"/wiki/Turing_Award\" title=\"Turing Award\">Turing Award</a>, the so-called \"Nobel Prize in computer science\", comprising one third of the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_people#Computer_science\" title=\"List of Stanford University people\">awards given</a> in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. It is also affiliated with 4 <a href=\"/wiki/G%C3%B6del_Prize\" title=\"Gödel Prize\">Gödel Prize</a> winners, 4 <a href=\"/wiki/Knuth_Prize\" title=\"Knuth Prize\">Knuth Prize</a> recipients, 10 <a href=\"/wiki/IJCAI_Computers_and_Thought_Award\" title=\"IJCAI Computers and Thought Award\">IJCAI Computers and Thought Award</a> winners, and about 15 <a href=\"/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award\" title=\"Grace Murray Hopper Award\">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> winners for their work in the foundations of computer science. Stanford alumni have started many companies and, according to <i><a href=\"/wiki/Forbes\" title=\"Forbes\">Forbes</a></i>, has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-227\"><a href=\"#cite_note-227\">[221]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-228\"><a href=\"#cite_note-228\">[222]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-StanfordAlumCompanies_229-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StanfordAlumCompanies-229\">[223]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<p>Eight Stanford alumni have won the <a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Prize\" title=\"Nobel Prize\">Nobel Prize</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-230\"><a href=\"#cite_note-230\">[224]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-alumnifacts_231-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-alumnifacts-231\">[225]</a></sup> As of 2014, 114 Stanford students have been named <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars\" title=\"Rhodes Scholars\">Rhodes Scholars</a>.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-232\"><a href=\"#cite_note-232\">[226]</a></sup></p>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint metadata navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em\">\n",
       "<ul style=\"margin:0.1em 0 0\">\n",
       "<li style=\"display:inline\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap\"><span style=\"margin:0 0.5em\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg\"><img alt=\"SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg\" data-file-height=\"1885\" data-file-width=\"2672\" height=\"17\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/24px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/36px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x\" width=\"24\"/></a></span><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area\" title=\"Portal:San Francisco Bay Area\">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li style=\"display:inline\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap\"><span style=\"margin:0 0.5em\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Platopainting.jpg\"><img alt=\"Platopainting.jpg\" data-file-height=\"400\" data-file-width=\"328\" height=\"21\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Platopainting.jpg/17px-Platopainting.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Platopainting.jpg/26px-Platopainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Platopainting.jpg/34px-Platopainting.jpg 2x\" width=\"17\"/></a></span><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:University\" title=\"Portal:University\">University portal</a></span></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_California\" title=\"List of colleges and universities in California\">List of colleges and universities in California</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/S*\" title=\"S*\">S*</a>, a collaboration between seven universities and the Karolinska Institutet for training in bioinformatics and genomics</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29\" title=\"Edit section: Notes\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n",
       "<ol class=\"references\">\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-noteLargest-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noteLargest_12-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">It is often stated that Stanford has the largest contiguous campus in the world (or the United States)<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-virtualtour_10-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-virtualtour-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-11\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]</a></sup> but that depends on definitions. <a href=\"/wiki/Berry_College\" title=\"Berry College\">Berry College</a> with over 26,000 acres (40.6 sq mi; 105.2 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_College\" title=\"Paul Smith's College\">Paul Smith's College</a> with 14,200 acres (22.2 sq mi; 57.5 km<sup>2</sup>), and the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy\" title=\"United States Air Force Academy\">United States Air Force Academy</a> with 18,500 acres (7,500 ha) are larger but are not usually classified as <a href=\"/wiki/University\" title=\"University\">universities</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Duke_University\" title=\"Duke University\">Duke University</a> at 8,610 acres (13.5 sq mi; 34.8 km<sup>2</sup>) does have more land, but it is not contiguous. However the <a href=\"/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South\" title=\"Sewanee: The University of the South\">University of the South</a> has over 13,000 acres (20.3 sq mi; 52.6 km<sup>2</sup>).</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-noteStudAward-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noteStudAward_40-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Undergraduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:</span>\n",
       "<ol>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Vint_Cerf\" title=\"Vint Cerf\">Vint Cerf</a>: BS Math Stanford 1965; MS CS UCLA 1970; PhD CS UCLA 1972.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-20\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[19]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Allen_Newell\" title=\"Allen Newell\">Allen Newell</a>: BS Physics Stanford 1949; PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1957.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-21\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[20]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "<span class=\"reference-text\">Graduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:</span>\n",
       "<ol>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Hellman\" title=\"Martin Hellman\">Martin Hellman</a>: BE New York University 1966, MS Stanford University 1967, PhD Stanford University 1969, all in electrical engineering. Professor at Stanford 1971–1996.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-22\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[21]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/John_Hopcroft\" title=\"John Hopcroft\">John Hopcroft</a>: BS Seattle University; MS EE Stanford 1962, Phd EE Stanford 1964.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-23\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[22]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Barbara_Liskov\" title=\"Barbara Liskov\">Barbara Liskov</a>: BSc Berkeley 1961; PhD Stanford.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-24\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[23]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Raj_Reddy\" title=\"Raj Reddy\">Raj Reddy</a>: BS from Guindy College of Engineering (Madras, India) 1958; M Tech, University of New South Wales 1960; PhD Stanford 1966.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-25\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[24]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Rivest\" title=\"Ronald Rivest\">Ronald Rivest</a>: BA Yale 1969; PhD Stanford 1974.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-26\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[25]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Tarjan\" title=\"Robert Tarjan\">Robert Tarjan</a>: BS Caltech 1969; MS Stanford 1971, PhD 1972.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-27\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[26]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "<span class=\"reference-text\">Non-alumni former and current faculty, staff, and researchers who received the Turing Award:</span>\n",
       "<ol>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie\" title=\"Whitfield Diffie\">Whitfield Diffie</a>: BS mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965. Visiting scholar at Stanford 2009–2010 and an affiliate from 2010–2012; currently a consulting professor at CISAC (The Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-28\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[27]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doug_Engelbart\" title=\"Doug Engelbart\">Doug Engelbart</a>: BS EE Oregon State University 1948; MS EE Berkeley 1953; PhD Berkeley 1955. Researcher/Director at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) 1957–1977; Director (Bootstrap Project) at Stanford University 1989–1990.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-29\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[28]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum\" title=\"Edward Feigenbaum\">Edward Feigenbaum</a>: BS Carnegie Institute of Technology 1956, PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1960. Associate Professor at Stanford 1965–1968; Professor at Stanford 1969–2000; Professor Emeritus at Stanford (2000-present).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-30\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[29]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd\" title=\"Robert W. Floyd\">Robert W. Floyd</a>: BA 1953, BSc Physics, both from University of Chicago. Professor at Stanford (1968–1994).<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-31\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[30]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Hoare\" title=\"Tony Hoare\">Sir Antony Hoare</a>: Undergraduate at Oxford University. Visiting Professor at Stanford 1973.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-hoare_32-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hoare-32\">[31]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Alan_Kay\" title=\"Alan Kay\">Alan Kay</a>: BA/BS from University of Colorado at Boulder, PhD 1969 from University of Utah. Researcher at Stanford 1969–1971.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-33\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[32]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)\" title=\"John McCarthy (computer scientist)\">John McCarthy</a>: BS Math, Caltech; PhD Princeton. Assistant Professor at Stanford 1953–1955; Professor at Stanford 1962–2011.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-34\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[33]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Robin_Milner\" title=\"Robin Milner\">Robin Milner</a>: BSc 1956 from Cambridge University. Researcher at Stanford University 1971–1972.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-35\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[34]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Amir_Pnueli\" title=\"Amir Pnueli\">Amir Pnueli</a>: BSc Math from Technion 1962, PhD Weizmann Institute of Science 1967. Instructor at Stanford 1967; Visitor at Stanford 1970<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-36\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[35]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Dana_Scott\" title=\"Dana Scott\">Dana Scott</a>: BA Berkeley 1954, PhD Princeton 1958. Associate Professor at Stanford 1963–1967.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-37\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[36]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth\" title=\"Niklaus Wirth\">Niklaus Wirth</a>: BS Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1959, MSC Universite Laval, Canada, 1960; PhD Berkeley 1963. Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1963–1967.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-38\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[37]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Yao\" title=\"Andrew Yao\">Andrew Yao</a>: BS physics National University of Taiwan 1967; AM Physics Haravard 1969; PhD Physics, Harvard 1972; PhD CS University of Illinois Urbana-Champagin 1975) Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1976–1981; Professor at Stanford University 1982–1986.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-39\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[38]</a></sup></span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-noteTrustees-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noteTrustees_65-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The rules governing the board have changed over time. The original 24 trustees were appointed for life in 1885 by the Stanfords as were some of the subsequent replacements. In 1899 Jane Stanford changed the maximum number of trustees from 24 to 15 and set the term of office to 10 years. On June 1, 1903 she resigned her powers as Founder and the board took on its full powers. In the 1950s the board decided that 15 members was not sufficient to do all the work needed and in March 1954 petitioned the courts to raise the maximum number to 23 of whom 20 would be regular trustees serving 10 year terms and 3 would be alumni trustees serving 5 year terms. In 1970 another petition was successfully made to have the number raised to a maximum of 35 (with a minimum of 25), that all trustees would be just trustees and that the university president would be a trustee ex officio.<sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-FoundingGrant_64-0\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FoundingGrant-64\">[62]</a></sup> The last original trustee, <a href=\"/wiki/Timothy_Hopkins\" title=\"Timothy Hopkins\">Timothy Hopkins</a>, died in 1936; the last life trustee, Joseph D. Grant appointed in 1891 died in 1942.</span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n",
       "<ol class=\"references\">\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-casper-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-casper_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-casper_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-casper_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation speech\"><a href=\"/wiki/Gerhard_Casper\" title=\"Gerhard Casper\">Casper, Gerhard</a> (October 5, 1995). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/pres-provost/president/speeches/951005dieluft.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Die Luft der Freiheit weht—On and Off</i></a> (Speech).</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;rft.aulast=Casper&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Luft+der+Freiheit+weht%94On+and+Off&amp;rft.date=1995-10-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fpres-provost%2Fpresident%2Fspeeches%2F951005dieluft.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-StanfordAboutHistory-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-StanfordAboutHistory_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-StanfordAboutHistory_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History: Stanford University\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=History%3A+Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-facultyguidehistory-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-facultyguidehistory_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-facultyguidehistory_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facultyhandbook.stanford.edu/ch1.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Chapter 1: The University and the Faculty\"</a>. <i>Faculty Handbook</i>. Stanford University. September 24, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+University+and+the+Faculty&amp;rft.date=2013-09-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacultyhandbook.stanford.edu%2Fch1.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Faculty+Handbook&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">As of June 30, 2016. <cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2017.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Canadian+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+%28FY%29+2016+Endowment+Market+Value+and+Change+in+Endowment+Market+Value+from+FY+2015+to+FY+2016&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2FDocuments%2FEndowmentFiles%2F2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf&amp;rft.pub=National+Association+of+College+and+University+Business+Officers+and+Commonfund+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_faculty-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-13\"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-14\"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_faculty_5-15\"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/academics/faculty\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: The Stanford Faculty\"</a>. Stanford University. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A+The+Stanford+Faculty&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Facademics%2Ffaculty&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_admin-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_admin_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_admin_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/administration/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: Administration\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A++Administration&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fadministration%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_glance-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_glance_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts at a Glance\"</a>. Stanford University. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts+at+a+Glance&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/941/941156365/941156365_201408_990.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax – 2013\" (IRS Form 990)</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_where-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_where_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_where_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_where_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://visit.stanford.edu/basics/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Where is Stanford? : Stanford University\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Where+is+Stanford%3F+%3A+Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisit.stanford.edu%2Fbasics%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-virtualtour-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-virtualtour_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/visitorinfo/tours/virtual/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Virtual Tours\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Virtual+Tours&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fvisitorinfo%2Ftours%2Fvirtual%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Keck, Gayle. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gaylekeck.com/wp-content/uploads/Silicon-Valley-Story.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford: A Haven in Silicon Valley\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Executive Travel Magazine.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Gayle&amp;rft.aulast=Keck&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford%3A+A+Haven+in+Silicon+Valley&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaylekeck.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FSilicon-Valley-Story.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Executive+Travel+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History – Part 2 (The New Century) : Stanford University\"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=History+%93+Part+2+%28The+New+Century%29+%3A+Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_ch2.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch3.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History – Part 3 (The Rise of Silicon Valley) : Stanford University\"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=History+%93+Part+3+%28The+Rise+of+Silicon+Valley%29+%3A+Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_ch3.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Record_Fundraising-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Record_Fundraising_15-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Record_Fundraising_15-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chea, Terence (February 20, 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/stanford-university-1st-college-raise-1b\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University is 1st College to raise $1B\"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+University+is+1st+College+to+raise++%241B&amp;rft.aufirst=Terence&amp;rft.aulast=Chea&amp;rft.date=2013-02-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fstanford-university-1st-college-raise-1b&amp;rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-gostanford.com-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-gostanford.com_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-gostanford.com_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/news/2016/8/31/national-championships.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"National Championships (134 overall, 111 NCAA)\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=National+Championships+%28134+overall%2C+111+NCAA%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gostanford.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F8%2F31%2Fnational-championships.aspx&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-ncaa-championship-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ncaa-championship_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Championship Summary through July 1, 2016\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. NCAA<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Championship+Summary+through+July+1%2C+2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffs.ncaa.org%2FDocs%2Fstats%2Fchamps_records_book%2FOverall.pdf&amp;rft.pub=NCAA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-learfield2015-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-learfield2015_18-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Meister, Christine (25 June 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thedirectorscup.com/2015/06/stanford-captures-division-i-lsdc-cup-sec-has-7-institutions-in-top-25/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Captures Division I LSDC Cup; SEC has 7 Institutions in top-25\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft.aulast=Meister&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Captures+Division+I+LSDC+Cup%3B+SEC+has+7+Institutions+in+top-25&amp;rft.date=2015-06-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedirectorscup.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fstanford-captures-division-i-lsdc-cup-sec-has-7-institutions-in-top-25%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-EcImpact-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-EcImpact_19-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-EcImpact_19-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Beckett, Jamie (24 October 2012). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/october/innovation-economic-impact-102412.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Study shows Stanford alumni create nearly $3 trillion in economic impact each year\"</a>. Stanford Report<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Study+shows+Stanford+alumni+create+nearly+%243+trillion+in+economic+impact+each+year&amp;rft.aufirst=Jamie&amp;rft.aulast=Beckett&amp;rft.date=2012-10-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2012%2Foctober%2Finnovation-economic-impact-102412.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cerf_1083211.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Vinton Cerf – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Vinton+Cerf+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fcerf_1083211.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/newell_3167755.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Allen Newell\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Allen+Newell&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fnewell_3167755.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hellman_4055781.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Martin Hellman\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Martin+Hellman&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fhellman_4055781.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"John E Hopcroft\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=John+E+Hopcroft&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fhopcroft_1053917.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/liskov_1108679.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Barbara Liskov\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Barbara+Liskov&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fliskov_1108679.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Raj Reddy – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Raj+Reddy+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Freddy_9634208.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/rivest_1403005.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Ronald L Rivest – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Ronald+L+Rivest+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Frivest_1403005.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/tarjan_1092048.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Robert E Tarjan – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Robert+E+Tarjan+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Ftarjan_1092048.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/diffie_8371646.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Whitfield Diffie\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Whitfield+Diffie&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fdiffie_8371646.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/engelbart_5078811.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Douglas Engelbart\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Douglas+Engelbart&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fengelbart_5078811.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/feigenbaum_4167235.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Edward A Feigenbaum – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Edward+A+Feigenbaum+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Ffeigenbaum_4167235.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/floyd_3720707.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Robert W. Floyd – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Robert+W.+Floyd+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Ffloyd_3720707.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-hoare-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hoare_32-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Lee, J.A.N. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/hoare.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Charles Antony Richard (Tony) Hoare\"</a>. <i>IEEE Computer Society</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Charles+Antony+Richard+%28Tony%29+Hoare&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.N.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.org%2Fcomputer-pioneers%2Fhoare.html&amp;rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kay_3972189.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Alan Kay\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Kay&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fkay_3972189.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/mccarthy_0239596.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"John McCarthy\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=John+McCarthy&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fmccarthy_0239596.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/milner_1569367.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"A J Milner – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=A+J+Milner+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fmilner_1569367.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pnueli_4725172.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Amir Pnueli\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Pnueli&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fpnueli_4725172.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/scott_1193622.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Dana S Scott – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Dana+S+Scott+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fscott_1193622.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wirth_1025774.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Niklaus E. Wirth\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Niklaus+E.+Wirth&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fwirth_1025774.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/yao_1611524.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Andrew C Yao – A.M. Turing Award Winner\"</a>. <i>acm.org</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Andrew+C+Yao+%93+A.M.+Turing+Award+Winner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fyao_1611524.cfm&amp;rft.jtitle=acm.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Farrell, Andrew. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/19/billionaires-harvard-education-biz-billies-cx_af_0519billieu_slide_3.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Billionaire Universities\"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+Universities&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Farrell&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F19%2Fbillionaires-harvard-education-biz-billies-cx_af_0519billieu_slide_3.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard%2C+Stanford%2C+Yale+Graduate+Most+Members+of+Congress&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2010%2F10%2F28%2Fharvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Carey, Bjorn (12 August 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/fields-medal-mirzakhani-081214.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford's Maryam Mirzakhani wins Fields Medal\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford%27s+Maryam+Mirzakhani+wins+Fields+Medal&amp;rft.aufirst=Bjorn&amp;rft.aulast=Carey&amp;rft.date=2014-08-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2014%2Faugust%2Ffields-medal-mirzakhani-081214.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Davis, Margo; Nilan, Roxanne (November 1, 1989). <i>The Stanford Album A Photographic History 1885-1945</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804716390\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0804716390\">978-0804716390</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Margo&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.au=Nilan%2C+Roxanne&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Album++A+Photographic+History+++1885-1945&amp;rft.date=1989-11-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0804716390&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stanford-University\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University - Location, Enrollment, &amp; Notable Alumni\"</a>. britannica.com. December 12, 2016.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University+-+Location%2C+Enrollment%2C+%26+Notable+Alumni&amp;rft.date=2016-12-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FStanford-University&amp;rft.pub=britannica.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&amp;pg=PA14&amp;lpg=PA14&amp;dq=cornell+stanford+history+david+starr+jordan&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=DaVhxm7yob&amp;sig=GjHHUu-EhmDfe4wdDtr6VIBiedI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi5lqDmoqTTAhUU0IMKHW2xDAI4ChDoAQg6MAU#v=onepage&amp;q=cornell%20stanford%20history%20david%20starr%20jordan&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&amp;pg=PA14&amp;lpg=PA14&amp;dq=cornell+stanford+history+david+starr+jordan&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=DaVhxm7yob&amp;sig=GjHHUu-EhmDfe4wdDtr6VIBiedI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi5lqDmoqTTAhUU0IMKHW2xDAI4ChDoAQg6MAU#v=onepage&amp;q=cornell%20stanford%20history%20david%20starr%20jordan&amp;f=false</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2008/october15/economic-101508.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University spent $2.1 billion locally in 2006, study shows\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=University+spent+%242.1+billion+locally+in+2006%2C+study+shows&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2008%2Foctober15%2Feconomic-101508.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_lands-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_lands_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/about/lands\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: The Stanford Lands\"</a>. Stanford University. 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A+The+Stanford+Lands&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Flands&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/AboutSLAC.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About SLAC\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+SLAC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.slac.stanford.edu%2FAboutSLAC.aspx&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Julia Enthoven (December 5, 2012). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/12/05/lake-lag-feels-brunt-of-adverse-weather/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University monitors Lake Lagunita after fall storms\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily\" title=\"The Stanford Daily\">The Stanford Daily</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.au=Julia+Enthoven&amp;rft.btitle=University+monitors+Lake+Lagunita+after+fall+storms&amp;rft.date=2012-12-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2012%2F12%2F05%2Flake-lag-feels-brunt-of-adverse-weather%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://undergrad.stanford.edu/programs/bosp/teach/faculty-residence\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Faculty-in-Residence : Bing Overseas Study Program\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Faculty-in-Residence+%3A+Bing+Overseas+Study+Program&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundergrad.stanford.edu%2Fprograms%2Fbosp%2Fteach%2Ffaculty-residence&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-pekingcenter-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pekingcenter_52-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130707043657/http://scpku.stanford.edu/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About the Center\"</a>. <i>Stanford Center at Peking</i>. Stanford University. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://scpku.stanford.edu/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on July 7, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=About+the+Center&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscpku.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Center+at+Peking&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-LeeJung-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeeJung_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130702083007/http://scpku.stanford.edu/building/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Lee Jung Sen Building\"</a>. <i>Stanford Center at Peking University</i>. Stanford University. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://scpku.stanford.edu/building/\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on July 2, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=The+Lee+Jung+Sen+Building&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscpku.stanford.edu%2Fbuilding%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Center+at+Peking+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2010/07/29/redwood-city-campus-remains-undeveloped/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Redwood City campus remains undeveloped\"</a>. The Stanford Daily. July 29, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Redwood+City+campus+remains+undeveloped&amp;rft.date=2010-07-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Fredwood-city-campus-remains-undeveloped%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chesley, Kate (10 September 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/september/redwood-city-development-091013.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Redwood City approves Stanford office building proposals\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Redwood+City+approves+Stanford+office+building+proposals&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rft.aulast=Chesley&amp;rft.date=2013-09-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fseptember%2Fredwood-city-development-091013.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-redwood-dec2015-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-redwood-dec2015_56-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kadvany, Elena (10 December 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/12/10/stanfords-redwood-city-campus-moves-closer-to-reality\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford's Redwood City campus moves closer to reality\"</a>. Palo Alto Weekly<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford%27s+Redwood+City+campus+moves+closer+to+reality&amp;rft.aufirst=Elena&amp;rft.aulast=Kadvany&amp;rft.date=2015-12-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paloaltoonline.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fstanfords-redwood-city-campus-moves-closer-to-reality&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://fsh.stanford.edu/index.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Faculty Staff Housing\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Faculty+Staff+Housing&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsh.stanford.edu%2Findex.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Breitrose, Charlie (2 December 1998). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1998_Dec_2.LAND.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"SCHOOLS: District wants Stanford land for school\"</a>. Palo Alto Weekly<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=SCHOOLS%3A+District+wants+Stanford+land+for+school&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft.aulast=Breitrose&amp;rft.date=1998-12-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paloaltoonline.com%2Fweekly%2Fmorgue%2Fnews%2F1998_Dec_2.LAND.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cityofpaloalto.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=105&amp;TargetID=14\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"El Camino Park\"</a>. City of Palo Alto<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=El+Camino+Park&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofpaloalto.org%2Fnews%2Fdisplaynews.asp%3FNewsID%3D105%26TargetID%3D14&amp;rft.pub=City+of+Palo+Alto&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-clawrestore-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-clawrestore_60-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sullivan, Kathleen J. (5 August 2010). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/restoring-the-claw-080510.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Machinists restoring White Memorial Fountain, aka The Claw, develop an affinity for the campus icon\"</a>. Stanford News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Machinists+restoring+White+Memorial+Fountain%2C+aka+The+Claw%2C+develop+an+affinity+for+the+campus+icon&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.date=2010-08-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2010%2Faugust%2Frestoring-the-claw-080510.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-clawrestore2-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-clawrestore2_61-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sullivan, Kathleen J. (10 June 2011). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/june/claw-makeover-update-061011.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Sculptor returns for update on White Plaza fountain makeover\"</a>. Stanford News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Sculptor+returns+for+update+on+White+Plaza+fountain+makeover&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.date=2011-06-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fjune%2Fclaw-makeover-update-061011.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-dailyfountain-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dailyfountain_62-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kofman, Nicole (22 May 2012). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/05/22/frolicking-in-fountains/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Frolicking in fountains\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Frolicking+in+fountains&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.aulast=Kofman&amp;rft.date=2012-05-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2Ffrolicking-in-fountains%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-dailywhites-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dailywhites_63-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Steffen, Nancy L. (20 May 1964). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&amp;d=stanford19640520-01.2.12#\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Claw: White Plaza Dedication\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=The+Claw%3A+White+Plaza+Dedication&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Steffen&amp;rft.date=1964-05-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford19640520-01.2.12%23&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span> Has information on the White brothers that slightly corrects some of the facts in other articles.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-FoundingGrant-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FoundingGrant_64-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FoundingGrant_64-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://wasc.stanford.edu/system/files/FoundingGrant_1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University – The Founding Grant with Amendments, Legislation, and Court Decrees\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University. 1987<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2013-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University+%93+The+Founding+Grant+with+Amendments%2C+Legislation%2C+and+Court+Decrees&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwasc.stanford.edu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FFoundingGrant_1.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#boardoftrusteestext\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University Governance and Organization\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=University+Governance+and+Organization&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploredegrees.stanford.edu%2Funiversitygovernanceandorganization%2F%23boardoftrusteestext&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-FG_facts-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FG_facts_67-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/finances.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University Facts—Finances and Governance\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University+Facts%94Finances+and+Governance&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts%2Ffinances.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#presidenttext\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University Governance and Organization\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=University+Governance+and+Organization&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploredegrees.stanford.edu%2Funiversitygovernanceandorganization%2F%23presidenttext&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-aboutprovost-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-aboutprovost_69-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://provost.stanford.edu/about-the-provost/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About the Provost\"</a>. <i>Office of the Provost</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=About+the+Provost&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprovost.stanford.edu%2Fabout-the-provost%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Provost&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://provost.stanford.edu/about-office\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About the Office – Office of the Provost\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+the+Office+%93+Office+of+the+Provost&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprovost.stanford.edu%2Fabout-office&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Schools-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Schools_71-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/academics/schools.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford's Seven Schools\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford%27s+Seven+Schools&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Facademics%2Fschools.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#academiccounciltext\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University Governance and Organization\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=University+Governance+and+Organization&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploredegrees.stanford.edu%2Funiversitygovernanceandorganization%2F%23academiccounciltext&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#assutext\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University Governance and Organization\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=University+Governance+and+Organization&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploredegrees.stanford.edu%2Funiversitygovernanceandorganization%2F%23assutext&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Grodin, Joseph R.; Massey, Calvin R.; Cunningham, Richard B. (1993). <i>The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 311. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27228-X\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-313-27228-X\">0-313-27228-X</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Richard+B.&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Grodin&amp;rft.au=Massey%2C+Calvin+R.&amp;rft.btitle=The+California+State+Constitution%3A+A+Reference+Guide&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-27228-X&amp;rft.pages=311&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-75\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.smc.stanford.edu/communication\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Reports from Stanford Management Company\"</a>. Stanford Management Company<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Reports+from+Stanford+Management+Company&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smc.stanford.edu%2Fcommunication&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Management+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://giving.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/wp-endowment-faq-2016.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Official University Endowment FAQ\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University. p. 3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Official+University+Endowment+FAQ&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiving.stanford.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fwp-endowment-faq-2016.pdf&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanfordreview.org/article/endowment-returns-still-uncertain-going-forward\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Endowment Returns Still Uncertain Going Forward\"</a>. November 1, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Endowment+Returns+Still+Uncertain+Going+Forward&amp;rft.date=2011-11-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanfordreview.org%2Farticle%2Fendowment-returns-still-uncertain-going-forward&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aDSe5LFAV18s\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Tops Harvard, Yale With $911 Million in Private Gifts\"</a>. Bloomberg. February 22, 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+Tops+Harvard%2C+Yale+With+%24911+Million+in+Private+Gifts&amp;rft.date=2007-02-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaDSe5LFAV18s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/02/20/gifts\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Donations Are Up, But Not From Alumni\"</a>. Insider Higher Ed<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Donations+Are+Up%2C+But+Not+From+Alumni&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2F20%2Fgifts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-80\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">\"Top Fund-Raising Institutions, 2007-8\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education\" title=\"The Chronicle of Higher Education\">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. March 6, 2009. p. A16.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Top+Fund-Raising+Institutions%2C+2007-8&amp;rft.date=2009-03-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&amp;rft.pages=A16&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2010/10/29/stanford-giving-drops-in-2009-still-tops-list-of-universities/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford giving drops in 2009, still tops list of universities\"</a>. The Stanford Daily. October 29, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+giving+drops+in+2009%2C+still+tops+list+of+universities&amp;rft.date=2010-10-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2Fstanford-giving-drops-in-2009-still-tops-list-of-universities%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/finances.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Finances: Stanford University Facts\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Finances%3A+Stanford+University+Facts&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts%2Ffinances.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_finances-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_finances_83-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_finances_83-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/administration/finances\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: Finances\"</a>. Stanford University. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A+Finances&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fadministration%2Ffinances&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://giving.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/wp-endowment-faq.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Official University Endowment FAQ\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University. p. 4<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Official+University+Endowment+FAQ&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiving.stanford.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fwp-endowment-faq.pdf&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-85\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2012/02/08/stanford-raises-62-billion-five-year-campaign\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Raises $6.2 Billion in Five-Year Campaign\"</a>. Inside Higher Ed. February 8, 2012.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+Raises+%246.2+Billion+in+Five-Year+Campaign&amp;rft.date=2012-02-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fquicktakes%2F2012%2F02%2F08%2Fstanford-raises-62-billion-five-year-campaign&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/09/stanford-university-nets-_n_1265100.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Nets $6.2 billion in 5-year Campaign\"</a>. The Huffington Post. February 9, 2012.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+Nets+%246.2+billion+in+5-year+Campaign&amp;rft.date=2012-02-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F02%2F09%2Fstanford-university-nets-_n_1265100.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/february/stanford-challenge-concludes-020812.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Concludes Transformative Campaign\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Concludes+Transformative+Campaign&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffebruary%2Fstanford-challenge-concludes-020812.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212083544/http://thestanfordchallenge.stanford.edu/by-the-numbers/overall/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Stanford Challenge – Final Report – By the Numbers: Overall\"</a>. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://thestanfordchallenge.stanford.edu/by-the-numbers/overall/\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on February 12, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Challenge+%93+Final+Report+%93+By+the+Numbers%3A+Overall&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestanfordchallenge.stanford.edu%2Fby-the-numbers%2Foverall%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Carnegie-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Carnegie_89-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Carnegie_89-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=243744&amp;start_page=institution.php&amp;clq=%7B%22first_letter%22%3A%22S%22%7D\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Carnegie Classifications—Stanford University\"</a>. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Carnegie+Classifications%94Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassifications.carnegiefoundation.org%2Flookup_listings%2Fview_institution.php%3Funit_id%3D243744%26start_page%3Dinstitution.php%26clq%3D%257B%2522first_letter%2522%253A%2522S%2522%257D&amp;rft.pub=Carnegie+Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Teaching&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://wasc.stanford.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"WASC—Stanford Reaccreditation by WASC\"</a>. Stanford University Registrar's Office<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=WASC%94Stanford+Reaccreditation+by+WASC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwasc.stanford.edu%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Registrar%27s+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-CDS-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-11\"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS_91-12\"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2013\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Common Data Set\"</a>. Stanford University. 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Common+Data+Set&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucomm.stanford.edu%2Fcds%2F2013&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-FA-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FA_92-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/new-admits-finaid-032715.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford offers admission to 2,144 students, expands financial aid program\"</a>. Stanford News. 27 March 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+offers+admission+to+2%2C144+students%2C+expands+financial+aid+program&amp;rft.date=2015-03-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fmarch%2Fnew-admits-finaid-032715.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-93\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doresearch.stanford.edu/node/1200502\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Interdisciplinary Laboratories, Centers, and Institutes\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Laboratories%2C+Centers%2C+and+Institutes&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoresearch.stanford.edu%2Fnode%2F1200502&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/index/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The King Papers Project\"</a>. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=The+King+Papers+Project&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fkingpapers%2Findex%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/research/centers-programs/center-ocean-solutions\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Center for Ocean Solutions\"</a>. Stanford Woods<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Center+for+Ocean+Solutions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoods.stanford.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcenters-programs%2Fcenter-ocean-solutions&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Woods&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_SULAIR-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_SULAIR_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/research/libraries\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: Stanford Libraries\"</a>. Stanford University. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A++Stanford+Libraries&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fresearch%2Flibraries&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-97\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://museum.stanford.edu/view/rodin.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Rodin! The Complete Stanford Collection\"</a>. Cantor Arts Center<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Rodin%21+The+Complete+Stanford+Collection&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.stanford.edu%2Fview%2Frodin.html&amp;rft.pub=Cantor+Arts+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://simps.stanford.edu\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Virtual Host Frozen\"</a>. <i>stanford.edu</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Virtual+Host+Frozen&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimps.stanford.edu&amp;rft.jtitle=stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanfordmendicants.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About the Mendicants\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+the+Mendicants&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordmendicants.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/Counterpoint/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About Counterpoint\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+Counterpoint&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FCounterpoint%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-101\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://fleetstreet.com/?page_id=10\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About Fleet Street\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+Fleet+Street&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffleetstreet.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span> Because Fleet Street maintains Stanford songs as a regular part of its performing repertoire, the university used the group as ambassadors during the University's centennial celebration and commissioned an album, entitled <i>Up Toward Mountains Higher</i> (1999), of Stanford songs which were sent to alumni around the world.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mixedco.com/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About Mixed Company\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+Mixed+Company&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixedco.com%2Fabout%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.raagapella.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About Raagapella\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+Raagapella&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raagapella.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-104\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/spokenword/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Spoken Word Collective\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Spoken+Word+Collective&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fspokenword%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-105\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://publishingcourses.stanford.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Publishing Courses for Professionals\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Publishing+Courses+for+Professionals&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishingcourses.stanford.edu%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_NU-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_NU_106-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2016/USA.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016: USA\"</a>. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities+2016%3A+USA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2FWorld-University-Rankings-2016%2FUSA.html&amp;rft.pub=Shanghai+Ranking+Consultancy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_Forbes-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_107-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/#tab:rank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"America's Top Colleges\"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. July 5, 2016.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=America%27s+Top+Colleges&amp;rft.date=2016-07-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ftop-colleges%2Flist%2F%23tab%3Arank&amp;rft.pub=%27%27Forbes%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_108-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Best Colleges 2017: National Universities Rankings\"</a>. <i>U.S. News &amp; World Report</i>. September 12, 2016.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Best+Colleges+2017%3A+National+Universities+Rankings&amp;rft.date=2016-09-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Frankings%2Fnational-universities&amp;rft.pub=%27%27U.S.+News+%26+World+Report%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_109-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide?ranking=2016-rankings-national-universities\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"2016 Rankings - National Universities\"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=2016+Rankings+-+National+Universities&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2Fcollege_guide%3Franking%3D2016-rankings-national-universities&amp;rft.pub=%27%27Washington+Monthly%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_W_110-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2016.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016\"</a>. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities+2016&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2FARWU2016.html&amp;rft.pub=Shanghai+Ranking+Consultancy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_111-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"QS World University Rankings® 2016/17\"</a>. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings%AE+2016%2F17&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2016&amp;rft.pub=Quacquarelli+Symonds+Limited&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/50/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"World University Rankings 2016-17\"</a>. THE Education Ltd<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=World+University+Rankings+2016-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2017%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F50%2Fsort_by%2Frank_label%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Frank_only&amp;rft.pub=THE+Education+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Best Global Universities Rankings: 2017\"</a>. U.S. News &amp; World Report LP<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Best+Global+Universities+Rankings%3A+2017&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Frankings&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report+LP&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-114\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Oremus, Will (15 April 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/04/harvard_vs_stanford_america_has_a_new_dream_college.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Silicon Is the New Ivy\"</a>. Slate<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.au=Oremus%2C+Will&amp;rft.btitle=Silicon+Is+the+New+Ivy&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ffuture_tense%2F2013%2F04%2Fharvard_vs_stanford_america_has_a_new_dream_college.html&amp;rft.pub=Slate&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Pérez-Peña, Richard (29 May 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/education/americas-it-school-look-west-harvard.html?hp&amp;_r=1&amp;referrer=\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"To Young Minds of Today, Harvard Is the Stanford of the East\"</a>. New York Times<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Richard&amp;rft.btitle=To+Young+Minds+of+Today%2C+Harvard+Is+the+Stanford+of+the+East&amp;rft.date=2014-05-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2Feducation%2Famericas-it-school-look-west-harvard.html%3Fhp%26_r%3D1%26referrer%3D&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-PRdream-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PRdream_116-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"College Hopes &amp; Worries Press Release\"</a>. <i>Princeton Review</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=College+Hopes+%26+Worries+Press+Release&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princetonreview.com%2Fpress%2Fcollege-hopes-worries-press-release&amp;rft.jtitle=Princeton+Review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-117\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.wsj.com/graphics/college-rankings-2016/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"WSJ/THE College Rankings\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=WSJ%2FTHE+College+Rankings&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fgraphics%2Fcollege-rankings-2016%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-ARWU-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ARWU_118-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Stanford-University.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"ARWU-Stanford University\"</a>. 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=ARWU-Stanford+University&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2FWorld-University-Rankings%2FStanford-University.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Page-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Page_119-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nigel Page. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p13/\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Making of a Licensing Legend: Stanford University’s Office of Technology Licensing</a>. Chapter 17.13 in Sharing the Art of IP Management. Globe White Page Ltd, London, U.K. 2007</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Timothy Lenoir. Inventing the entrepreneurial university: Stanford and the co-evolution of Silicon Valley pp. 88-128 in Building Technology Transfer within Research Universities: An Entrepreneurial Approach Edited by Thomas J. Allen and Rory P. O'Shea. Cambridge University Press, 2014. <a class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\" href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139046930\">ISBN 9781139046930</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-121\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lawrence M Fisher for The New York Times. September 14, 1991 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/14/business/business-people-stanford-picks-inventor-as-head-of-licensing.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stanford Picks Inventor As Head of Licensing</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-otl-who-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-otl-who_122-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://otl.stanford.edu/about/about_who.html?headerbar=0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Who we are\"</a>. <i>Office of Technology Licensing</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Who+we+are&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fotl.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Fabout_who.html%3Fheaderbar%3D0&amp;rft.jtitle=Office+of+Technology+Licensing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Yount-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Yount_123-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Yount, Lisa (2003). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&amp;pg=PA46\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>A to Z of biologists</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. pp. 47–49. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816045419\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0816045419\">978-0816045419</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Yount&amp;rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+biologists&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOdHrsTZ-RYC%26pg%3DPA46&amp;rft.isbn=978-0816045419&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Facts+on+File&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Cohen2013-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cohen2013_124-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Cohen, S. N. (16 September 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785787\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years\"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>110</b> (39): 15521–15529. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1313397110\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1073/pnas.1313397110</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\">PMC</a> <span class=\"plainlinks\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785787\" rel=\"nofollow\">3785787</a><span style=\"margin-left:0.1em\"><img alt=\"Freely accessible\" data-file-height=\"813\" data-file-width=\"512\" height=\"14\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x\" title=\"Freely accessible\" width=\"9\"/></span></span>. <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/PubMed_Identifier\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\">PMID</a> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043817\" rel=\"nofollow\">24043817</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+cloning%3A+A+personal+view+after+40+years&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.date=2013-09-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3785787&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3785787&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1313397110&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24043817&amp;rft.issue=39&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=15521-15529&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-125\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez\" title=\"Luis Walter Alvarez\">Alvarez, Luis W.</a>; Bloch, F. (1940). \"A Quantitative Determination of the Neutron Moment in Absolute Nuclear Magnetons\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Physical_Review\" title=\"Physical Review\">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2): 111–122. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PhRv...57..111A\" rel=\"nofollow\">1940PhRv...57..111A</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.57.111\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1103/PhysRev.57.111</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Determination+of+the+Neutron+Moment+in+Absolute+Nuclear+Magnetons&amp;rft.au=Bloch%2C+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=Luis+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Alvarez&amp;rft.date=1940&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940PhRv...57..111A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.57.111&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&amp;rft.pages=111-122&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=57\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Bloch, F.; <a href=\"/wiki/W._W._Hansen\" title=\"W. W. Hansen\">Hansen, W. W.</a>; Packard, Martin (1946-02-01). \"Nuclear Induction\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Physical_Review\" title=\"Physical Review\">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>69</b>: 127. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946PhRv...69..127B\" rel=\"nofollow\">1946PhRv...69..127B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.69.127\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1103/PhysRev.69.127</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Nuclear+Induction&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+W.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Bloch&amp;rft.au=Packard%2C+Martin&amp;rft.date=1946-02-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1946PhRv...69..127B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.69.127&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&amp;rft.pages=127&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=69\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Varian, Dorothy. \"The Inventor and the Pilot\". Pacific Books, 1983 p. 187</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Arthur_L._Schawlow\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Arthur L. Schawlow\"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Arthur+L.+Schawlow&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FArthur_L._Schawlow&amp;rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch\" title=\"Theodor W. Hänsch\">Hänsch, Theodor W.</a> (December 1999). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v52/i12/p75_s2?bypassSSO=1\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Obituary: Arthur Leonard Schawlow\"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>52</b> (12): 75–76. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhT....52l..75H\" rel=\"nofollow\">1999PhT....52l..75H</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2802854\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1063/1.2802854</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Arthur+Leonard+Schawlow&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4nsch%2C+Theodor+W.&amp;rft.date=1999-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicstoday.org%2Fresource%2F1%2Fphtoad%2Fv52%2Fi12%2Fp75_s2%3FbypassSSO%3D1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhT....52l..75H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2802854&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.pages=75-76&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=52\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-coinrisk-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-coinrisk_130-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\">Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). <i>Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology</i>. p. 50. <a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573565210\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1573565210\">1573565210</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Reilly&amp;rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Computer+Science+and+Information+Technology&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1573565210&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-milestones-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-milestones_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Google Milestones\"</a>. Google, Inc<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Google+Milestones&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fintl%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fhistory.html&amp;rft.pub=Google%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-132\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project</a>, Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Andreas Bechtolsheim; Forest Baskett; Vaughan Pratt (March 1982). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"ftp://reports.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/csl/tr/82/229/CSL-TR-82-229.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The SUN Workstation Architecture\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford University Computer systems Laboratory Technical Report No. 229</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=The+SUN+Workstation+Architecture&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Bechtolsheim&amp;rft.au=Forest+Baskett&amp;rft.au=Vaughan+Pratt&amp;rft.date=1982-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Freports.stanford.edu%2Fpub%2Fcstr%2Freports%2Fcsl%2Ftr%2F82%2F229%2FCSL-TR-82-229.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+University+Computer+systems+Laboratory+Technical+Report+No.+229&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-SU-ITS-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-SU-ITS_134-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://itservices.stanford.edu/service/network\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Network (SUNet — The Stanford University Network)\"</a>. Stanford University Information Technology Services. July 16, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Network+%28SUNet+%94+The+Stanford+University+Network%29&amp;rft.date=2010-07-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitservices.stanford.edu%2Fservice%2Fnetwork&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Information+Technology+Services&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-135\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://university-discoveries.com/stanford-university\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University\"</a>. University Discoveries<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiversity-discoveries.com%2Fstanford-university&amp;rft.pub=University+Discoveries&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-CDS2011-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CDS2011_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2011.html#enrollment\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University: Common Data Set 2011–2012\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University%3A+Common+Data+Set+2011%932012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucomm.stanford.edu%2Fcds%2F2011.html%23enrollment&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\"</a>. United States Census Bureau. September 18, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=California+QuickFacts+from+the+US+Census+Bureau&amp;rft.date=2012-09-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F06000.html&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span> See also <a href=\"/wiki/Demographics_of_California\" title=\"Demographics of California\">Demographics of California</a> and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Demographics of the United States\">Demographics of the United States</a>.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090314054424/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/highest-grad-rate\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Best Colleges—Education—US News and World Report\"</a>. Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. August 19, 2009. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/highest-grad-rate\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on March 14, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Best+Colleges%94Education%94US+News+and+World+Report&amp;rft.date=2009-08-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com%2Fcollege%2Fhighest-grad-rate&amp;rft.pub=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2010/10/01/concerns-of-first-generation-students-must-remain-a-priority/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Concerns of first-generation students must remain a priority\"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>. October 1, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Concerns+of+first-generation+students+must+remain+a+priority&amp;rft.date=2010-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2010%2F10%2F01%2Fconcerns-of-first-generation-students-must-remain-a-priority%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/dept/rde/cgi-bin/drupal/housing/apply/apply-housing\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University—Student Housing—Apply for Housing 2013–14\"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University%94Student+Housing%94Apply+for+Housing+2013%9314&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Frde%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdrupal%2Fhousing%2Fapply%2Fapply-housing&amp;rft.pub=Stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-ugradres-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ugradres_144-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ugradres_144-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://resed.stanford.edu/residences\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Housing—Undergraduate Residences\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Housing%94Undergraduate+Residences&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresed.stanford.edu%2Fresidences&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/pr/91/910724Arc1246.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Manzanita trailers to house Webb Ranch workers\"</a>. News.stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Manzanita+trailers+to+house+Webb+Ranch+workers&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fpr%2F91%2F910724Arc1246.html&amp;rft.pub=News.stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Chelsey, Kate (20 March 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/humanities-house-dorm-032015.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Manzanita residence hall aims at humanities\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Manzanita+residence+hall+aims+at+humanities&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rft.aulast=Chelsey&amp;rft.date=2015-03-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fmarch%2Fhumanities-house-dorm-032015.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/rde/shs/ugrad/wilbur.htm#junipero\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford University—Student Housing—Tour Undergraduate Housing\"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+University%94Student+Housing%94Tour+Undergraduate+Housing&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Frde%2Fshs%2Fugrad%2Fwilbur.htm%23junipero&amp;rft.pub=Stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-148\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://resed.stanford.edu/residences/find-house/columbae\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Columbae House\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Columbae+House&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresed.stanford.edu%2Fresidences%2Ffind-house%2Fcolumbae&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-149\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/synergy/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Synergy House\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Synergy+House&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fsynergy%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-150\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/coop/cgi-bin/public/wiki.php?wikiid=1&amp;pagename=Terra\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About Terra\"</a>. <i>ResEd</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=About+Terra&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fcoop%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpublic%2Fwiki.php%3Fwikiid%3D1%26pagename%3DTerra&amp;rft.jtitle=ResEd&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Staff/StaffResources/StudentMgmt/CoOps.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Residential Education—Cooperative Houses\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Residential+Education%94Cooperative+Houses&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fresed%2FStaff%2FStaffResources%2FStudentMgmt%2FCoOps.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-152\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Interestingly, this chapter had voiced concern that women were being treated unfairly due to the campus ban on sororities. <i>Nu Deuteron Chapter</i> voted to become co-ed in 1973, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/stream/signet6465phis/signet6465phis_djvu.txt\" rel=\"nofollow\">relinquishing its charter over the matter</a>, according to fraternity records (accessed 17 Nov 2016). This occurred just four years before the ban on sororities was ended by the Regents.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-153\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Lapin, Lisa; Chelsey, Kate (22 October 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/october/grad-housing-proposal-102215.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"New graduate housing proposed for Escondido Village\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=New+graduate+housing+proposed+for+Escondido+Village&amp;rft.au=Chelsey%2C+Kate&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Lapin&amp;rft.date=2015-10-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2Foctober%2Fgrad-housing-proposal-102215.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://rde.stanford.edu/studenthousing/off-campus-subsidized-apartments\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Off Campus Subsidized Apartments\"</a>. <i>Student Housing</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Off+Campus+Subsidized+Apartments&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frde.stanford.edu%2Fstudenthousing%2Foff-campus-subsidized-apartments&amp;rft.jtitle=Student+Housing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stanford Sports</a> Page accessed June 11, 2016</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cardinalrec.stanford.edu/clubsports/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Cardinal Recreation – Club Sports\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Cardinal+Recreation+%93+Club+Sports&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardinalrec.stanford.edu%2Fclubsports%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cardinalrec.stanford.edu/intramurals/Stanford\" rel=\"nofollow\">Cardinal Recreation – Intramural Sports</a> Page accessed June 11, 2016</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-mascot-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mascot_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30600&amp;ATCLID=208445366\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"What is the history of Stanford's mascot and nickname?\"</a>. Stanford Athletics. July 7, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+the+history+of+Stanford%27s+mascot+and+nickname%3F&amp;rft.date=2015-07-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gostanford.com%2FViewArticle.dbml%3FDB_OEM_ID%3D30600%26ATCLID%3D208445366&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Athletics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation pressrelease\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.americaeast.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&amp;DB_OEM_ID=14000&amp;ATCLID=209720287\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Cal, UC Davis, Pacific, Stanford Added As #AEFH Associate Members\"</a> (Press release). America East Conference. October 16, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Cal%2C+UC+Davis%2C+Pacific%2C+Stanford+Added+As+%23AEFH+Associate+Members&amp;rft.date=2014-10-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaeast.com%2FViewArticle.dbml%3FDB_LANG%3DC%26DB_OEM_ID%3D14000%26ATCLID%3D209720287&amp;rft.pub=America+East+Conference&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-160\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Jay Matthews for Newsweek. August 8, 2008 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316091327/http://www.newsweek.com/12-top-college-rivalries-country-87831\" rel=\"nofollow\">The 12 Top College Rivalries in the Country</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-161\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Timanus, Eddie (June 22, 2010). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2010-06-22-stanford-directors-cup_N.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"USA Today\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.aufirst=Eddie&amp;rft.aulast=Timanus&amp;rft.date=2010-06-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2F2010-06-22-stanford-directors-cup_N.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-162\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nacda.com/sports/directorscup/spec-rel/062714aaa.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"NACDA Official Athletic Site – Directors Cup\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=NACDA+Official+Athletic+Site+%93+Directors+Cup&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacda.com%2Fsports%2Fdirectorscup%2Fspec-rel%2F062714aaa.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-163\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://champions.stanford.edu/history/by-the-numbers/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Athletics 'By The Numbers' : Stanford – Home of Champions\"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Athletics+%27By+The+Numbers%27+%3A+Stanford+%93+Home+of+Champions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchampions.stanford.edu%2Fhistory%2Fby-the-numbers%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_athletics-164\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_athletics_164-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/campuslife/athletics\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: Cardinal Athletics\"</a>. Stanford University. 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A+Cardinal+Athletics&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fcampuslife%2Fathletics&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-165\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-165\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/news/2016/7/7/athletics-bound-for-rio.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Wrapping Up Rio\"</a>. <i>www.gostanford.com</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Wrapping+Up+Rio&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gostanford.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F7%2F7%2Fathletics-bound-for-rio.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=www.gostanford.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-166\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-166\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.freakonomics.com/2008/09/03/what-japan-and-stanford-university-have-in-common/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"What Stanford University and Japan have in Common\"</a>. Freakonomics.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=What+Stanford+University+and+Japan+have+in+Common&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freakonomics.com%2F2008%2F09%2F03%2Fwhat-japan-and-stanford-university-have-in-common%2F&amp;rft.pub=Freakonomics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-167\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-167\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521144911/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Athletes Complete Olympic Action\"</a>. Stanford Athletics. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on 2013-05-21<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Athletes+Complete+Olympic+Action&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gostanford.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fspec-rel%2F081412aab.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Athletics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-olympics12-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-olympics12_168-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521144911/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Athletes Complete Olympic Action\"</a>. Stanford Daily. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on May 21, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Athletes+Complete+Olympic+Action&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gostanford.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fspec-rel%2F081412aab.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-stanford_facts_founding-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stanford_facts_founding_169-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Facts: The Founding of the University\"</a>. Stanford University. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Facts%3A+The+Founding+of+the+University&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-170\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Karen Bartholomew (March–April 2002). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=39027\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Century at Stanford\"</a>. Alumni.stanford.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.au=Karen+Bartholomew&amp;rft.btitle=Century+at+Stanford&amp;rft.date=2002-03%2F2002-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.stanford.edu%2Fget%2Fpage%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F%3Farticle_id%3D39027&amp;rft.pub=Alumni.stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-171\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://music.stanford.edu/Assets/StanfordHymn.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002605/http://music.stanford.edu/Assets/StanfordHymn.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a> January 9, 2015, at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-172\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20111228213935/http://registrar.stanford.edu/bulletin/4913.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Bulletin: Conferral of Degrees\"</a>. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://registrar.stanford.edu/bulletin/4913.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on December 28, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Bulletin%3A+Conferral+of+Degrees&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregistrar.stanford.edu%2Fbulletin%2F4913.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-173\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-173\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin0809/4913.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Bulletin 2008/2009: Conferral of Degrees\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Bulletin+2008%2F2009%3A+Conferral+of+Degrees&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fregistrar%2Fbulletin0809%2F4913.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-174\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-174\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/volunteering/awards\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Degree of Uncommon Man and Uncommon Woman Award\"</a>. Stanford Alumni Association.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Degree+of+Uncommon+Man+and+Uncommon+Woman+Award&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.stanford.edu%2Fget%2Fpage%2Fvolunteering%2Fawards&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Alumni+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-175\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-175\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ramshead.stanford.edu/gaietieshistory.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The History of Big Game Gaieties\"</a>. <i>Ram's Head Theatrical Society</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Big+Game+Gaieties&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Framshead.stanford.edu%2Fgaietieshistory.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Ram%27s+Head+Theatrical+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span> The Big Game Gaieties started in 1911 (when the Big Game was rugby) but did not acquire its present name until the 1920s when it also became part of Rams Head. The tradition was dormant from 1968 until revived in 1976 and has run ever since.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-176\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-176\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Johnston, Theresa (May 2002). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/mayjun/features/vienneseball.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Strictly Ballroom\"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i>. Stanford Alumni Association.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Strictly+Ballroom&amp;rft.aufirst=Theresa&amp;rft.aulast=Johnston&amp;rft.date=2002-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordalumni.org%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2002%2Fmayjun%2Ffeatures%2Fvienneseball.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-177\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-177\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Chien, Jennifer (January–February 2007). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/janfeb/red/mausoleum.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"A Party to Die For\"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i>. Stanford Alumni Association<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=A+Party+to+Die+For&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft.aulast=Chien&amp;rft.date=2007-01%2F2007-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordalumni.org%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2Fjanfeb%2Fred%2Fmausoleum.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-178\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-178\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Banerjee, Devin (31 October 2008). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&amp;d=stanford20081031-01.2.9\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Mausoleum Party is a go: Regardless of rain, party set for Old Union\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i>. <b>234</b> (31). p. 3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Mausoleum+Party+is+a+go%3A++Regardless+of+rain%2C+party+set+for+Old+Union&amp;rft.aufirst=Devin&amp;rft.aulast=Banerjee&amp;rft.date=2008-10-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford20081031-01.2.9&amp;rft.issue=31&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=234\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-179\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-179\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Feliciano, Cassandra (October 7, 2009). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&amp;d=stanford20091007-01.2.4\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Mausoleum: next to die?\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i>. <b>236</b> (14). p. 1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Mausoleum%3A+next+to+die%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Cassandra&amp;rft.aulast=Feliciano&amp;rft.date=2009-10-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford20091007-01.2.4&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=236\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-180\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-180\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Stanford Press Release, October 1, 1997 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/971001bonfire.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Big Game Bonfire is a tradition of the past</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-181\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-181\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/memorial-church/university-public-worship/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"University Public Worship\"</a>. <i>Office for Religious Life</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=University+Public+Worship&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Freligiouslife%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwordpress%2Fmemorial-church%2Funiversity-public-worship%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Office+for+Religious+Life&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-182\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-182\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/students/sar/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Associated Religions\"</a>. <i>Office for Religious Life</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+Associated+Religions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Freligiouslife%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwordpress%2Fstudents%2Fsar%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Office+for+Religious+Life&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-183\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-183\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Xu, Victor (May 8, 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2014/05/08/windhover-contemplative-center-to-finish-by-early-summer/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Windhover contemplative center to finish by early summer\"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>. The Stanford Daily<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Windhover+contemplative+center+to+finish+by+early+summer&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor&amp;rft.aulast=Xu&amp;rft.date=2014-05-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2014%2F05%2F08%2Fwindhover-contemplative-center-to-finish-by-early-summer%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-184\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-184\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://catholic.stanford.edu/about/welcome\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Catholic Community at Stanford: About us\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Catholic+Community+at+Stanford%3A+About+us&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholic.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2Fwelcome&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span> The Catholic Community is a personal parish in the <a href=\"/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Jose_in_California\" title=\"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California\">Diocese of San Jose</a> and staffed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Dominican_Order\" title=\"Dominican Order\">Dominicans</a> and lay leaders.</span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-185\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-185\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hillel.stanford.edu/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Hillel at Stanford: About\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Hillel+at+Stanford%3A+About&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhillel.stanford.edu%2Fabout%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-186\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-186\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/betaeta/pages/our-chapter.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Kappa Kappa Gamma\"</a>. Chapters.kappakappagamma.org. April 26, 1944<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Kappa+Kappa+Gamma&amp;rft.date=1944-04-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchapters.kappakappagamma.org%2Fbetaeta%2Fpages%2Four-chapter.php&amp;rft.pub=Chapters.kappakappagamma.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-187\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-187\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/chiomega/cgi-bin/history.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Chi Omega – Nu Alpha – History\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Chi+Omega+%93+Nu+Alpha+%93+History&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgi.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fchiomega%2Fcgi-bin%2Fhistory.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-greek-faq-188\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-greek-faq_188-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://resed.stanford.edu/life-residences/about-fraternity-and-sorority-life-fsl/recruitment-and-intake/frequently-asked\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Frequently Asked Questions\"</a>. <i>Stanford Residential Education</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresed.stanford.edu%2Flife-residences%2Fabout-fraternity-and-sorority-life-fsl%2Frecruitment-and-intake%2Ffrequently-asked&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Residential+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-daily-summer-chi-189\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-daily-summer-chi_189-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Soong-Shiong, Nika (23 August 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/08/23/life-at-summer-chi/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Life at Summer Chi\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Life+at+Summer+Chi&amp;rft.aufirst=Nika&amp;rft.aulast=Soong-Shiong&amp;rft.date=2013-08-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2013%2F08%2F23%2Flife-at-summer-chi%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-190\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-190\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://resed.stanford.edu/residences/fsl-organizations\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"FSL Organizations\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=FSL+Organizations&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresed.stanford.edu%2Fresidences%2Ffsl-organizations&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-:0-191\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_191-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_191-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_191-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://undergrad.stanford.edu/advising/student-guides/fraternity-and-sorority-life\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Fraternity and Sorority Life | Stanford Undergrad\"</a>. <i>undergrad.stanford.edu</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2017-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Fraternity+and+Sorority+Life+%7C+Stanford+Undergrad&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundergrad.stanford.edu%2Fadvising%2Fstudent-guides%2Ffraternity-and-sorority-life&amp;rft.jtitle=undergrad.stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-192\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-192\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211130555/http://www.lambdaphiepsilon.com/about.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Lambda Phi Epsilon National Fraternity\"</a>. Lambdaphiepsilon.com. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lambdaphiepsilon.com/about.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a> on February 11, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Lambda+Phi+Epsilon+National+Fraternity&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambdaphiepsilon.com%2Fabout.php&amp;rft.pub=Lambdaphiepsilon.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-193\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-193\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/dept/uga/student/organizations/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Student Organizations\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Student+Organizations&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fuga%2Fstudent%2Forganizations%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-194\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-194\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/about/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About the Daily\"</a>. <i>Stanford Daily</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=About+the+Daily&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2Fabout%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-review-195\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-review_195-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\">Wallace, Lisa; Atallah, Alex (9 February 2012). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanfordreview.org/article/a-brief-and-non-exhaustive-history-of-the-stanford-review/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"A Brief and Non-Exhaustive History of the Stanford Review\"</a>. <i>Stanford Review</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=A+Brief+and+Non-Exhaustive+History+of+the+Stanford+Review&amp;rft.au=Atallah%2C+Alex&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.date=2012-02-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanfordreview.org%2Farticle%2Fa-brief-and-non-exhaustive-history-of-the-stanford-review%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-196\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-196\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://kzsu.stanford.edu/stationinfo/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"About KZSU\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=About+KZSU&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkzsu.stanford.edu%2Fstationinfo%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-197\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-197\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://spba.stanford.edu\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"SPBA\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=SPBA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspba.stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-198\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-198\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanfordmarketing.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Marketing\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Marketing&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordmarketing.org%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-199\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-199\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanfordmarketing.org/recruitment/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Become An Associate\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Become+An+Associate&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordmarketing.org%2Frecruitment%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-200\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-200\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://startx.stanford.edu/#about\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"StartX\"</a>. <i>stanford.edu</i>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=StartX&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstartx.stanford.edu%2F%23about&amp;rft.jtitle=stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-201\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-201\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/axecomm/cgi-bin/wordpress/?page_id=67\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Axe Committee: About us\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Axe+Committee%3A+About+us&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Faxecomm%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fpage_id%3D67&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-202\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-202\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pasu.stanford.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"PASU\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=PASU&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpasu.stanford.edu%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-203\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-203\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/simps/cgi-bin/site/index.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Stanford Improvisors\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Improvisors&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fsimps%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite%2Findex.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-204\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-204\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sfimprovfestival.com/2014/01/31/tall-grande-venti-takes-top-bay-college-title-to-rep-sf-in-nationals/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Tall, Grande, Venti Takes Top Bay College Title to Rep SF in Nationals!\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Tall%2C+Grande%2C+Venti+Takes+Top+Bay+College+Title+to+Rep+SF+in+Nationals%21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfimprovfestival.com%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Ftall-grande-venti-takes-top-bay-college-title-to-rep-sf-in-nationals%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-205\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-205\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sfimprovfestival.com/performers2014/simps/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"San Francisco Improv Festival\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=San+Francisco+Improv+Festival&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfimprovfestival.com%2Fperformers2014%2Fsimps%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-206\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-206\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanford.ashanet.org/blog/2015/11/asha-dandiya-featured-in-india-abroad-magazine/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Asha Dandiya featured in India Abroad Magazine\"</a>. Asha Stanford. November 21, 2015.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Asha+Dandiya+featured+in+India+Abroad+Magazine&amp;rft.date=2015-11-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanford.ashanet.org%2Fblog%2F2015%2F11%2Fasha-dandiya-featured-in-india-abroad-magazine%2F&amp;rft.pub=Asha+Stanford&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-207\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-207\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://stanford.ashanet.org/blog/2015/10/adhik-kadams-100-mile-bike-ride-for-100-donors/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Adhik Kadam's 100 mile bike ride for 100 donors\"</a>. Asha Stanford. October 5, 2015.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Adhik+Kadam%99s+100+mile+bike+ride+for+100+donors&amp;rft.date=2015-10-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanford.ashanet.org%2Fblog%2F2015%2F10%2Fadhik-kadams-100-mile-bike-ride-for-100-donors%2F&amp;rft.pub=Asha+Stanford&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-208\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-208\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://allevents.in/circle/asha-stanford-welcome-dinner-with-adhik-kadam-and-the-borderless-world-foundation/1696538670565831\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Asha Stanford Welcome Dinner: with Adhik Kadam and the Borderless World Foundation\"</a>. allevents.in.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Asha+Stanford+Welcome+Dinner%3A+with+Adhik+Kadam+and+the+Borderless+World+Foundation&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallevents.in%2Fcircle%2Fasha-stanford-welcome-dinner-with-adhik-kadam-and-the-borderless-world-foundation%2F1696538670565831&amp;rft.pub=allevents.in&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-police-employment-209\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-police-employment_209-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/SUDPS/employment.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Employment Opportunities\"</a>. <i>Stanford University Department of Public Safety</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Employment+Opportunities&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FSUDPS%2Femployment.shtml&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+University+Department+of+Public+Safety&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-clery-210\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-clery_210-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/SUDPS/safety-report/stats-toc.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Safety &amp; Security Results: Crime Statistics\"</a>. <i>Stanford University Department of Public Safety</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Safety+%26+Security+Results%3A+Crime+Statistics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FSUDPS%2Fsafety-report%2Fstats-toc.shtml&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+University+Department+of+Public+Safety&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-fire-dispute-211\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fire-dispute_211-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sheyner, Gennady (22 October 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/10/22/palo-alto-stanford-clash-over-fire-services\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Palo Alto, Stanford clash over fire services\"</a>. Palo Alto Online<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Palo+Alto%2C+Stanford+clash+over+fire+services&amp;rft.aufirst=Gennady&amp;rft.aulast=Sheyner&amp;rft.date=2015-10-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paloaltoonline.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2Fpalo-alto-stanford-clash-over-fire-services&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-daily-murder-212\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-daily-murder_212-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Xu, Victor (10 October 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2014/10/10/a-history-of-murder-at-stanford/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"A history of murder at Stanford\"</a>. Stanford Daily<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=A+history+of+murder+at+Stanford&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor&amp;rft.aulast=Xu&amp;rft.date=2014-10-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2014%2F10%2F10%2Fa-history-of-murder-at-stanford%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-:4-213\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_213-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_213-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_213-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_213-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Kadvany, Elena (2015-10-01). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/10/01/one-third-of-stanford-women-experience-sexual-misconduct-survey-finds\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"One-third of Stanford women experience sexual misconduct, survey finds\"</a>. <i>Palo Alto Onilne</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=One-third+of+Stanford+women+experience+sexual+misconduct%2C+survey+finds&amp;rft.aufirst=Elena&amp;rft.aulast=Kadvany&amp;rft.date=2015-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paloaltoonline.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F01%2Fone-third-of-stanford-women-experience-sexual-misconduct-survey-finds&amp;rft.jtitle=Palo+Alto+Onilne&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-214\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-214\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nick Anderson for the Washington Post. June 7, 2016 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/\" rel=\"nofollow\">These colleges have the most reports of rape</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-NYToutrage-215\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYToutrage_215-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-NYToutrage_215-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Liam Stack for The New York Times. June 6, 2016 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/us/outrage-in-stanford-rape-case-over-dueling-statements-of-victim-and-attackers-father.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Light Sentence for Brock Turner in Stanford Rape Case Draws Outrage</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-216\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-216\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Ashley Fantz for CNN June 7, 2016 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/06/us/sexual-assault-brock-turner-stanford/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Outrage over 6-month sentence for Brock Turner in Stanford rape case</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-217\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-217\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Jacqueline Lee for Mercury News. June 2, 2016 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/peninsula/ci_29970782/palo-alto-former-stanford-swimmer-gets-6-months\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stanford sex assault: Brock Turner gets 6 months in jail</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-218\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-218\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Fehely, Devin (June 6, 2016). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2016/06/06/stanford-sexual-assault-victim-statement-viral/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Sex Assault Victim's Story Draws Worldwide Reaction\"</a>. <i>CBS SF Bay Area</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Stanford+Sex+Assault+Victim%99s+Story+Draws+Worldwide+Reaction&amp;rft.aufirst=Devin&amp;rft.aulast=Fehely&amp;rft.date=2016-06-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanfrancisco.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F06%2F06%2Fstanford-sexual-assault-victim-statement-viral%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=CBS+SF+Bay+Area&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Benner-219\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Benner_219-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Katie Benner for Bloomberg News. Feb. 2, 2015 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-02-02/clougherty-s-sexual-assault-suit-against-formation-8-s-lonsdale\" rel=\"nofollow\">Benner on Tech: Parsing a Sexual Assault Suit</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Bazelon1-220\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bazelon1_220-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Emily Bazelon for the New York Times. February 11, 2015 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/magazine/the-stanford-undergraduate-and-the-mentor.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Stanford Undergraduate and the Mentor</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-221\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-221\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Emily Bazelon for The New York Times. Nov 4, 2015 <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/magazine/the-lessons-of-stanfords-sex-assault-case-reversal.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Lessons of Stanford’s Sex-Assault-Case Reversal</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-222\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-222\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/02/us-privateequity-lonsdale-lawsuit-idUSKCN0SR23Q20151102?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=technologyNews\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Woman drops sex assault case against U.S. venture capitalist\"</a>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Woman+drops+sex+assault+case+against+U.S.+venture+capitalist&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2Fus-privateequity-lonsdale-lawsuit-idUSKCN0SR23Q20151102%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DtechnologyNews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-223\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-223\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"APS Fellows Archive\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=APS+Fellows+Archive&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Ffellowships%2Farchive-all.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-224\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-224\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=ACL_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_Recipients\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>ACL Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients</i></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 9,</span> 2011</span></cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=ACL+Lifetime+Achievement+Award+Recipients&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclweb.org%2Faclwiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DACL_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_Recipients&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-225\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-225\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Elected AAAI Fellows</i></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 9,</span> 2011</span></cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Elected+AAAI+Fellows&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaai.org%2FAwards%2Ffellows-list.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-Teller-226\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Teller_226-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Levy, Dawn (July 22, 2003). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Edward Teller wins Presidential Medal of Freedom\"</a>. p. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 17,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Teller, 95, is the third Stanford scholar to be awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom. The others are Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman (1988) and former Secretary of State George Shultz (1989).</q></cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Edward+Teller+wins+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&amp;rft.aufirst=Dawn&amp;rft.aulast=Levy&amp;rft.date=2003-07-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-service.stanford.edu%2Fpr%2F03%2Fteller723.html&amp;rft.pages=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-service.stanford.edu%2Fpr%2F03%2Fteller723.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-227\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-227\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Thibault, Marie (August 5, 2009). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/02/billionaire-study-harvard-stanford-business-billionaires-colleges-09-wealth.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Billionaire University\"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+University&amp;rft.aufirst=Marie&amp;rft.aulast=Thibault&amp;rft.date=2009-08-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F02%2Fbillionaire-study-harvard-stanford-business-billionaires-colleges-09-wealth.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-228\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-228\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Pfeiffer, Eric W. (25 August 1997). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.forbes.com/asap/1997/0825/059.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"What MIT Learned from Stanford\"</a>. Forbes<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=What+MIT+Learned+from+Stanford&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+Eric+W.&amp;rft.date=1997-08-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fasap%2F1997%2F0825%2F059.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-StanfordAlumCompanies-229\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-StanfordAlumCompanies_229-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/wellspring/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Stanford Entrepreneurs\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Entrepreneurs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fwellspring%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-230\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-230\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/october3/nobel-other-103.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Other Nobel connections to the Farm\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University. October 3, 2001<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Other+Nobel+connections+to+the+Farm&amp;rft.date=2001-10-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2001%2Foctober3%2Fnobel-other-103.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-alumnifacts-231\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-alumnifacts_231-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://facts.stanford.edu/alumni/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Alumni: Stanford University Facts\"</a>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.btitle=Alumni%3A+Stanford+University+Facts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacts.stanford.edu%2Falumni%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li id=\"cite_note-232\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-232\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\">Sullivan, Kathleen J. (November 23, 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/november/student-scholarship-awards-112414.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Two Stanford seniors awarded 2015 Rhodes Scholarships\"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>. Stanford University<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Stanford+seniors+awarded+2015+Rhodes+Scholarships&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.date=2014-11-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fnovember%2Fstudent-scholarship-awards-112414.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></span></li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Further_reading\">Further reading</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31\" title=\"Edit section: Further reading\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li>Lee Altenberg, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/PAPERS/BCLSFV/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Beyond Capitalism: Leland Stanford's Forgotten Vision</i></a> (Stanford Historical Society, 1990)</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_N._Bracewell\" title=\"Ronald N. Bracewell\">Ronald N. Bracewell</a>, <i>Trees of Stanford and Environs</i> (Stanford Historical Society, 2005)</li>\n",
       "<li>Ken Fenyo, <i>The Stanford Daily 100 Years of Headlines</i> (2003-10-01) <a class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\" href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0974365408\">ISBN 0-9743654-0-8</a></li>\n",
       "<li>Jean Fetter, <i>Questions and Admissions: Reflections on 100,000 Admissions Decisions at Stanford</i> (1997-07-01) <a class=\"internal mw-magiclink-isbn\" href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804731586\">ISBN 0-8047-3158-6</a></li>\n",
       "<li>Ricard Joncas, David Neumann, and Paul V. Turner. <i>Stanford University. The Campus Guide.</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press\" title=\"Princeton Architectural Press\">Princeton Architectural Press</a>, 2006. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/h236g6/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Available online</a>.</li>\n",
       "<li>Stuart W. Leslie<i>, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University_Press\" title=\"Columbia University Press\">Columbia University Press</a> 1994</li>\n",
       "<li>Rebecca S. Lowen, R. S. Lowen, <i>Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California_Press\" title=\"University of California Press\">University of California Press</a> 1997</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n",
       "<table class=\"mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox\" role=\"presentation\" style=\"background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"mbox-image\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"noviewer\" data-file-height=\"1376\" data-file-width=\"1024\" height=\"40\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" width=\"30\"/></a></td>\n",
       "<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stanford_University\" title=\"commons:Special:Search/Stanford University\">Stanford University</a></b></i>.</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"official-website\"><span class=\"url\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official website</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gostanford.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stanford Athletics website</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"noviewer\" data-file-height=\"430\" data-file-width=\"410\" height=\"16\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" width=\"15\"/></a> Texts on Wikisource:\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">\"<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leland_Stanford_Jr._University\" title=\"wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leland Stanford Jr. University\">Leland Stanford Jr. University</a>\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition\" title=\"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford+Jr.+University&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">\"<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Leland_Stanford_Junior_University\" title=\"s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Leland Stanford Junior University\">Leland Stanford Junior University</a>\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana\" title=\"Encyclopedia Americana\">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford+Junior+University&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&amp;rft.date=1920&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><cite class=\"citation encyclopaedia\">\"<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Leland_Stanford,_Junior,_University\" title=\"s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leland Stanford, Junior, University\">Leland Stanford, Junior, University</a>\". <i><a href=\"/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia\" title=\"Collier's Encyclopedia\">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+University&amp;rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford%2C+Junior%2C+University&amp;rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=1921&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook\"><span style=\"display:none;\"> </span></span></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Stanford_University\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
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       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"3\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
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       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Stanford_University&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Stanford_University\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\"><span style=\"color:white\">Stanford University</span></a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
       "<div><b>Located in</b>: <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford,_California\" title=\"Stanford, California\"><span style=\"color:white\">Stanford, California</span></a></div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Schools</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Humanities_and_Sciences\" title=\"Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences\">Humanities and Sciences</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Earth,_Energy_%26_Environmental_Sciences\" title=\"Stanford University School of Earth, Energy &amp; Environmental Sciences\">Earth, Energy &amp; Environmental Sciences</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Engineering\" title=\"Stanford University School of Engineering\">Engineering</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Education\" title=\"Stanford Graduate School of Education\">Education</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business\" title=\"Stanford Graduate School of Business\">Business</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Law_School\" title=\"Stanford Law School\">Law</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine\" title=\"Stanford University School of Medicine\">Medicine</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-image\" rowspan=\"15\" style=\"width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px\">\n",
       "<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG\"><img alt=\"Stanford University Hoover Tower.JPG\" data-file-height=\"2272\" data-file-width=\"1704\" height=\"160\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/120px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/180px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG/240px-Stanford_University_Hoover_Tower.JPG 2x\" width=\"120\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Research</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries\" title=\"Stanford University Libraries\">Libraries</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Cecil_H._Green_Library\" title=\"Cecil H. Green Library\">Green</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Branner_Earth_Sciences_Library\" title=\"Branner Earth Sciences Library\">Branner</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lane_Medical_Library\" title=\"Lane Medical Library\">Lane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lathrop_Library\" title=\"Lathrop Library\">Lathrop</a>)</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes\" title=\"Stanford University centers and institutes\">Centers and institutes</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences\" title=\"Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute_of_Design\" title=\"Hasso Plattner Institute of Design\">Hasso Plattner Institute of Design</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hoover_Institution\" title=\"Hoover Institution\">Hoover Institution</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Economic_Policy_Research\" title=\"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research\">Institute for Economic Policy Research</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics\" title=\"Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics\">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jasper_Ridge_Biological_Preserve\" title=\"Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve\">Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center\" title=\"Stanford University Medical Center\">Medical Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory\" title=\"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource\" title=\"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource\">Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Places</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum\" title=\"Stanford University Arboretum\">Arboretum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden\" title=\"Arizona Cactus Garden\">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bing_Concert_Hall\" title=\"Bing Concert Hall\">Bing Concert Hall</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Braun_Music_Center\" title=\"Braun Music Center\">Braun Music Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts\" title=\"Iris &amp; B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts\">Iris &amp; B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Clock_Tower\" title=\"Stanford Clock Tower\">Clock Tower</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Dish_(landmark)\" title=\"The Dish (landmark)\">Dish</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Fire_Truck_House\" title=\"Stanford Fire Truck House\">Fire Truck House</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Frost_Amphitheater\" title=\"Frost Amphitheater\">Frost Amphitheater</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Green_Earth_Sciences\" title=\"Green Earth Sciences\">Green Earth Sciences</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Haas_Center_for_Public_Service\" title=\"Haas Center for Public Service\">Haas Center for Public Service</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Honeycomb_House\" title=\"Hanna–Honeycomb House\">Hanna–Honeycomb House</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House\" title=\"Lou Henry Hoover House\">Hoover House</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hoover_Tower\" title=\"Hoover Tower\">Hoover Tower</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Lagunita\" title=\"Lake Lagunita\">Lake Lagunita</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Main_Quad_(Stanford_University)\" title=\"Main Quad (Stanford University)\">Main Quad</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum\" title=\"Stanford Mausoleum\">Mausoleum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Auditorium\" title=\"Stanford Memorial Auditorium\">Memorial Auditorium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church\" title=\"Stanford Memorial Church\">Memorial Church</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park\" title=\"Stanford Research Park\">Research Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Shopping Center</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Publications</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy\" title=\"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/HighWire_Press\" title=\"HighWire Press\">HighWire Press</a></li>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review\" title=\"Stanford Law Review\">Stanford Law Review</a></i></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Press\" title=\"Stanford University Press\">Stanford University Press</a></li>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Chaparral\" title=\"Stanford Chaparral\">Stanford Chaparral</a></i></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Student life</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_student_housing\" title=\"Stanford University student housing\">Student housing</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/KZSU\" title=\"KZSU\">KZSU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Marguerite_Shuttle\" title=\"Stanford Marguerite Shuttle\">Marguerite</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Band\" title=\"Stanford Band\">Stanford Band</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Stanford_University_vocal_groups\" title=\"Category:Stanford University vocal groups\">A cappella groups</a></li>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Chaparral\" title=\"Stanford Chaparral\">Stanford Chaparral</a></i></li>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily\" title=\"The Stanford Daily\">The Stanford Daily</a></i></li>\n",
       "<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Stanford_Review\" title=\"The Stanford Review\">The Stanford Review</a></i></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Tree\" title=\"Stanford Tree\">Stanford Tree</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Business_Association_of_Stanford_Entrepreneurial_Students\" title=\"Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students\">Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_in_popular_culture\" title=\"Stanford in popular culture\">Stanford in popular culture</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/StartX\" title=\"StartX\">StartX</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Athletics</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal\">Stanford Cardinal</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Axe\" title=\"Stanford Axe\">Stanford Axe</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Stadium\" title=\"Stanford Stadium\">Stanford Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)\" title=\"Big Game (American football)\">Big Game</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_Play_(Stanford_vs._California)\" title=\"The Play (Stanford vs. California)\">The Play</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Maples_Pavilion\" title=\"Maples Pavilion\">Maples Pavilion</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Klein_Field_at_Sunken_Diamond\" title=\"Klein Field at Sunken Diamond\">Klein Field at Sunken Diamond</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Taube_Tennis_Center\" title=\"Taube Tennis Center\">Taube Tennis Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/NACDA_Directors%27_Cup\" title=\"NACDA Directors' Cup\">NACDA Directors' Cup</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">People</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne\" title=\"Marc Tessier-Lavigne\">President Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_people\" title=\"List of Stanford University people\">People</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr.\" title=\"Leland Stanford Jr.\">Leland Stanford Jr.</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Leland_Stanford\" title=\"Leland Stanford\">Leland Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jane_Stanford\" title=\"Jane Stanford\">Jane Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">Related</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Stanford_University\" title=\"History of Stanford University\">History of Stanford University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Knight-Hennessy_Scholars\" title=\"Knight-Hennessy Scholars\">Knight-Hennessy Scholars</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
       "<div>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><b>Founded</b>: 1891</li>\n",
       "<li><b>Students</b>: 15,887</li>\n",
       "<li><b>Endowment</b>: 22.398 billion</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Links_to_related_articles\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
       "<div id=\"Links_to_related_articles\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Links to related articles</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0px;\">\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Stanford_University_Presidents\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Stanford_presidents\" title=\"Template:Stanford presidents\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Stanford_presidents\" title=\"Template talk:Stanford presidents\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Stanford_presidents&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Stanford_University_Presidents\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Stanford University Presidents</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan\" title=\"David Starr Jordan\">David Starr Jordan</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Casper_Branner\" title=\"John Casper Branner\">John Casper Branner</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur\" title=\"Ray Lyman Wilbur\">Ray Lyman Wilbur</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_E._Swain\" title=\"Robert E. Swain\">Robert E. Swain</a> (acting)</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Tresidder\" title=\"Donald Tresidder\">Donald Tresidder</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Alvin_C._Eurich\" title=\"Alvin C. Eurich\">Alvin C. Eurich</a> (acting)</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wallace_Sterling\" title=\"Wallace Sterling\">Wallace Sterling</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kenneth_Pitzer\" title=\"Kenneth Pitzer\">Kenneth Pitzer</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Wall_Lyman\" title=\"Richard Wall Lyman\">Richard Wall Lyman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Kennedy\" title=\"Donald Kennedy\">Donald Kennedy</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gerhard_Casper\" title=\"Gerhard Casper\">Gerhard Casper</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/John_L._Hennessy\" title=\"John L. Hennessy\">John L. Hennessy</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne\" title=\"Marc Tessier-Lavigne\">Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Stanford_University_Provosts\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Stanford_provosts\" title=\"Template:Stanford provosts\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Stanford_provosts\" title=\"Template talk:Stanford provosts\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Stanford_provosts&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#8C1515;color:white; border:2px solid #B6B1A9;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Stanford_University_Provosts\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Stanford University Provosts</div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Douglas_M._Whitaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Douglas M. Whitaker (page does not exist)\">Douglas M. Whitaker</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Frederick_Terman\" title=\"Frederick Terman\">Frederick Terman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Wall_Lyman\" title=\"Richard Wall Lyman\">Richard Wall Lyman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/William_F._Miller\" title=\"William F. Miller\">William F. Miller</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Lieberman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Gerald J. Lieberman (page does not exist)\">Gerald J. Lieberman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Kennedy\" title=\"Donald Kennedy\">Donald Kennedy</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Albert_M._Hastorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Albert M. Hastorf (page does not exist)\">Albert M. Hastorf</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=James_N._Rosse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"James N. Rosse (page does not exist)\">James N. Rosse</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Lieberman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"Gerald J. Lieberman (page does not exist)\">Gerald J. Lieberman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice\" title=\"Condoleezza Rice\">Condoleezza Rice</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/John_L._Hennessy\" title=\"John L. Hennessy\">John L. Hennessy</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Etchemendy\" title=\"John Etchemendy\">John Etchemendy</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Persis_Drell\" title=\"Persis Drell\">Persis Drell</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Colleges_and_Universities_of_Santa_Clara_County\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Santa_Clara_County_Colleges_and_Universities\" title=\"Template:Santa Clara County Colleges and Universities\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Santa_Clara_County_Colleges_and_Universities\" title=\"Template talk:Santa Clara County Colleges and Universities\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Santa_Clara_County_Colleges_and_Universities&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Colleges_and_Universities_of_Santa_Clara_County\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/College\" title=\"College\">Colleges</a> and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Universities\" title=\"Universities\">Universities</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California\" title=\"Santa Clara County, California\">Santa Clara County</a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Four-year colleges and universities</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cogswell_Polytechnical_College\" title=\"Cogswell Polytechnical College\">Cogswell Polytechnical College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Golden_State_Baptist_College\" title=\"Golden State Baptist College\">Golden State Baptist College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/International_Technological_University\" title=\"International Technological University\">International Technological University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose\" title=\"Lincoln Law School of San Jose\">Lincoln Law School of San Jose</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/National_University_(California)\" title=\"National University (California)\">National University, San Jose</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/National_Hispanic_University\" title=\"National Hispanic University\">National Hispanic University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_University\" title=\"Palo Alto University\">Palo Alto University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_State_University\" title=\"San Jose State University\">San José State University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_University\" title=\"Santa Clara University\">Santa Clara University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley_University\" title=\"Silicon Valley University\">Silicon Valley University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Institute_of_Transpersonal_Psychology\" title=\"Institute of Transpersonal Psychology\">Sofia University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford University</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Two-year, city, and community colleges</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/De_Anza_College\" title=\"De Anza College\">De Anza College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College\" title=\"Evergreen Valley College\">Evergreen Valley College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Foothill_College\" title=\"Foothill College\">Foothill College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gavilan_College\" title=\"Gavilan College\">Gavilan College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Mission_College_(Santa_Clara,_California)\" title=\"Mission College (Santa Clara, California)\">Mission College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_City_College\" title=\"San Jose City College\">San Jose City College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/West_Valley_College\" title=\"West Valley College\">West Valley College</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Pac-12_Conference\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Pac-12_Conference_navbox\" title=\"Template:Pac-12 Conference navbox\"><abbr style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Pac-12_Conference_navbox\" title=\"Template talk:Pac-12 Conference navbox\"><abbr style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pac-12_Conference_navbox&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Pac-12_Conference\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF;\">Pac-12 Conference</span></a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;\">Teams</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Arizona\" title=\"University of Arizona\">Arizona</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats\" title=\"Arizona Wildcats\">Wildcats</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_University\" title=\"Arizona State University\">Arizona State</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils\" title=\"Arizona State Sun Devils\">Sun Devils</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">California</a> <a href=\"/wiki/California_Golden_Bears\" title=\"California Golden Bears\">Golden Bears</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder\" title=\"University of Colorado Boulder\">Colorado</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes\" title=\"Colorado Buffaloes\">Buffaloes</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Oregon\" title=\"University of Oregon\">Oregon</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Oregon_Ducks\" title=\"Oregon Ducks\">Ducks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Oregon_State_University\" title=\"Oregon State University\">Oregon State</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers\" title=\"Oregon State Beavers\">Beavers</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal\">Cardinal</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\" title=\"University of California, Los Angeles\">UCLA</a> <a href=\"/wiki/UCLA_Bruins\" title=\"UCLA Bruins\">Bruins</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Southern_California\" title=\"University of Southern California\">USC</a> <a href=\"/wiki/USC_Trojans\" title=\"USC Trojans\">Trojans</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Utah\" title=\"University of Utah\">Utah</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Utah_Utes\" title=\"Utah Utes\">Utes</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Washington\" title=\"University of Washington\">Washington</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Huskies\" title=\"Washington Huskies\">Huskies</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Washington_State_University\" title=\"Washington State University\">Washington State</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars\" title=\"Washington State Cougars\">Cougars</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;\">Champions</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Pac-12_Conference_national_championships\" title=\"List of Pac-12 Conference national championships\">National</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Pac-12_Conference_champions\" title=\"List of Pac-12 Conference champions\">Conference</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background-color:#004B91;color:white; border:2px solid #000007;\">Athletics</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_men%27s_basketball\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference men's basketball\">Basketball (Men)</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_football\" title=\"Pac-12 Conference football\">Football</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"America_East_Conference\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"3\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:America_East_Conference_navbox\" title=\"Template:America East Conference navbox\"><abbr style=\";background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:America_East_Conference_navbox\" title=\"Template talk:America East Conference navbox\"><abbr style=\";background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:America_East_Conference_navbox&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"America_East_Conference\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/America_East_Conference\" title=\"America East Conference\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF;\">America East Conference</span></a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center; background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5\">Full members</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY\" title=\"University at Albany, SUNY\">Albany</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes\" title=\"Albany Great Danes\">Great Danes</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Binghamton_University\" title=\"Binghamton University\">Binghamton</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats\" title=\"Binghamton Bearcats\">Bearcats</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Hartford\" title=\"University of Hartford\">Hartford</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Hartford_Hawks\" title=\"Hartford Hawks\">Hawks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Maine\" title=\"University of Maine\">Maine</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears\" title=\"Maine Black Bears\">Black Bears</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire\" title=\"University of New Hampshire\">New Hampshire</a> <a href=\"/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats\" title=\"New Hampshire Wildcats\">Wildcats</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stony_Brook_University\" title=\"Stony Brook University\">Stony Brook</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Stony_Brook_Seawolves\" title=\"Stony Brook Seawolves\">Seawolves</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell\" title=\"University of Massachusetts Lowell\">UMass Lowell</a> <a href=\"/wiki/UMass_Lowell_River_Hawks\" title=\"UMass Lowell River Hawks\">River Hawks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County\" title=\"University of Maryland, Baltimore County\">UMBC</a> <a href=\"/wiki/UMBC_Retrievers\" title=\"UMBC Retrievers\">Retrievers</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Vermont\" title=\"University of Vermont\">Vermont</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts\" title=\"Vermont Catamounts\">Catamounts</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-image\" rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px\">\n",
       "<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:America_East_Logo.svg\"><img alt=\"America East Logo.svg\" data-file-height=\"391\" data-file-width=\"402\" height=\"97\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/America_East_Logo.svg/100px-America_East_Logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/America_East_Logo.svg/150px-America_East_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/America_East_Logo.svg/200px-America_East_Logo.svg.png 2x\" width=\"100\"/></a></div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center; background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5\">Associate members (field hockey)</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">California</a> <a href=\"/wiki/California_Golden_Bears\" title=\"California Golden Bears\">Golden Bears</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)\" title=\"University of the Pacific (United States)\">Pacific</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Tigers\" title=\"Pacific Tigers\">Tigers</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal\" title=\"Stanford Cardinal\">Cardinal</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis\" title=\"University of California, Davis\">UC Davis</a> <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Davis_Aggies\" title=\"UC Davis Aggies\">Aggies</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center; background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5\">Associate members (swimming &amp; diving)</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute\" title=\"Virginia Military Institute\">VMI</a> <a href=\"/wiki/VMI_Keydets\" title=\"VMI Keydets\">Keydets</a> (<i>men's and women's; joining in 2017–18</i>)</li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center; background:#1B1E4D; color:#FFFFFF; border: 2px solid #00B4E5\">Championships &amp; awards</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_America_East_Conference_champions\" title=\"List of America East Conference champions\">Conference champions</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Association_of_American_Universities\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities\" title=\"Template:Association of American Universities\"><abbr style=\";color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities\" title=\"Template talk:Association of American Universities\"><abbr style=\";color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Association_of_American_Universities&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Association_of_American_Universities\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities\" title=\"Association of American Universities\"><span style=\"color:white;\">Association of American Universities</span></a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Public_university\" title=\"Public university\"><span style=\"color:white;\">Public</span></a></th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Arizona\" title=\"University of Arizona\">Arizona</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California\" title=\"University of California\">California</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Berkeley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis\" title=\"University of California, Davis\">Davis</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine\" title=\"University of California, Irvine\">Irvine</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\" title=\"University of California, Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego\" title=\"University of California, San Diego\">San Diego</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara\" title=\"University of California, Santa Barbara\">Santa Barbara</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder\" title=\"University of Colorado Boulder\">Colorado</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Florida\" title=\"University of Florida\">Florida</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"Georgia Institute of Technology\">Georgia Tech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign\" title=\"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign\">Illinois</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington\" title=\"Indiana University Bloomington\">Indiana</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Iowa\" title=\"University of Iowa\">Iowa</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Iowa_State_University\" title=\"Iowa State University\">Iowa State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Kansas\" title=\"University of Kansas\">Kansas</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park\" title=\"University of Maryland, College Park\">Maryland</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Michigan\" title=\"University of Michigan\">Michigan</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Michigan_State_University\" title=\"Michigan State University\">Michigan State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Minnesota\" title=\"University of Minnesota\">Minnesota</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Missouri\" title=\"University of Missouri\">Missouri</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/State_University_of_New_York\" title=\"State University of New York\">SUNY</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_at_Buffalo\" title=\"University at Buffalo\">Buffalo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stony_Brook_University\" title=\"Stony Brook University\">Stony Brook</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill\" title=\"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\">North Carolina</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ohio_State_University\" title=\"Ohio State University\">Ohio State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Oregon\" title=\"University of Oregon\">Oregon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University\" title=\"Pennsylvania State University\">Penn State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh\" title=\"University of Pittsburgh\">Pittsburgh</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Purdue_University\" title=\"Purdue University\">Purdue</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rutgers_University\" title=\"Rutgers University\">Rutgers</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin\" title=\"University of Texas at Austin\">Texas</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University\" title=\"Texas A&amp;M University\">Texas A&amp;M</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Virginia\" title=\"University of Virginia\">Virginia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Washington\" title=\"University of Washington\">Washington</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison\" title=\"University of Wisconsin–Madison\">Wisconsin</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Private_university\" title=\"Private university\"><span style=\"color:white;\">Private</span></a></th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Boston_University\" title=\"Boston University\">Boston U</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Brandeis_University\" title=\"Brandeis University\">Brandeis</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Brown_University\" title=\"Brown University\">Brown</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"California Institute of Technology\">Caltech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University\" title=\"Carnegie Mellon University\">Carnegie Mellon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University\" title=\"Case Western Reserve University\">Case Western</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago\" title=\"University of Chicago\">Chicago</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cornell_University\" title=\"Cornell University\">Cornell</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Duke_University\" title=\"Duke University\">Duke</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Emory_University\" title=\"Emory University\">Emory</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University\" title=\"Harvard University\">Harvard</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University\" title=\"Johns Hopkins University\">Johns Hopkins</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Northwestern_University\" title=\"Northwestern University\">Northwestern</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_University\" title=\"New York University\">NYU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania\" title=\"University of Pennsylvania\">Penn</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_University\" title=\"Princeton University\">Princeton</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rice_University\" title=\"Rice University\">Rice</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Rochester\" title=\"University of Rochester\">Rochester</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Southern_California\" title=\"University of Southern California\">USC</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tulane_University\" title=\"Tulane University\">Tulane</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vanderbilt_University\" title=\"Vanderbilt University\">Vanderbilt</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis\" title=\"Washington University in St. Louis\">WUSTL</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University\" title=\"Yale University\">Yale</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;\">International</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/McGill_University\" title=\"McGill University\">McGill</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Toronto\" title=\"University of Toronto\">Toronto</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Universities_Research_Association\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#8b0003;color:white\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Universities_Research_Association\" title=\"Template:Universities Research Association\"><abbr style=\";background:#8b0003;color:white;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_Research_Association\" title=\"Template talk:Universities Research Association\"><abbr style=\";background:#8b0003;color:white;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Universities_Research_Association&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background:#8b0003;color:white;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Universities_Research_Association\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Universities_Research_Association\" title=\"Universities Research Association\"><span style=\"color:white;\">Universities Research Association</span></a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: center;background:#8b0003;color:white\">Public</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Alabama\" title=\"University of Alabama\">Alabama</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Arizona\" title=\"University of Arizona\">Arizona</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_State_University\" title=\"Arizona State University\">Arizona State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California\" title=\"University of California\">California</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Berkeley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis\" title=\"University of California, Davis\">Davis</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine\" title=\"University of California, Irvine\">Irvine</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\" title=\"University of California, Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside\" title=\"University of California, Riverside\">Riverside</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego\" title=\"University of California, San Diego\">San Diego</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara\" title=\"University of California, Santa Barbara\">Santa Barbara</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder\" title=\"University of Colorado Boulder\">Colorado</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Colorado_State_University\" title=\"Colorado State University\">Colorado State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Florida\" title=\"University of Florida\">Florida</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Florida_State_University\" title=\"Florida State University\">Florida State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Houston\" title=\"University of Houston\">Houston</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system\" title=\"University of Illinois system\">Illinois</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago\" title=\"University of Illinois at Chicago\">Chicago</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign\" title=\"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign\">Urbana–Champaign</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington\" title=\"Indiana University Bloomington\">Indiana</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Iowa\" title=\"University of Iowa\">Iowa</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Iowa_State_University\" title=\"Iowa State University\">Iowa State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Louisiana_State_University\" title=\"Louisiana State University\">LSU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park\" title=\"University of Maryland, College Park\">Maryland</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Michigan\" title=\"University of Michigan\">Michigan</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Michigan_State_University\" title=\"Michigan State University\">Michigan State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Minnesota\" title=\"University of Minnesota\">Minnesota</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Mississippi\" title=\"University of Mississippi\">Mississippi</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln\" title=\"University of Nebraska–Lincoln\">Nebraska</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico\" title=\"University of New Mexico\">New Mexico</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University\" title=\"New Mexico State University\">New Mexico State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill\" title=\"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\">North Carolina</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_North_Texas\" title=\"University of North Texas\">North Texas</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University\" title=\"Northern Illinois University\">Northern Illinois</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ohio_State_University\" title=\"Ohio State University\">Ohio State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma\" title=\"University of Oklahoma\">Oklahoma</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Oregon\" title=\"University of Oregon\">Oregon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University\" title=\"Pennsylvania State University\">Penn State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh\" title=\"University of Pittsburgh\">Pittsburgh</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Purdue_University\" title=\"Purdue University\">Purdue</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rutgers_University\" title=\"Rutgers University\">Rutgers</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina\" title=\"University of South Carolina\">South Carolina</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/SUNY\" title=\"SUNY\">SUNY</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_at_Buffalo\" title=\"University at Buffalo\">Buffalo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stony_Brook_University\" title=\"Stony Brook University\">Stony Brook</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Tennessee\" title=\"University of Tennessee\">Tennessee</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_system\" title=\"University of Texas system\">Texas</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington\" title=\"University of Texas at Arlington\">Arlington</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin\" title=\"University of Texas at Austin\">Austin</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas\" title=\"University of Texas at Dallas\">Dallas</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University\" title=\"Texas A&amp;M University\">Texas A&amp;M</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Texas_Tech_University\" title=\"Texas Tech University\">Texas Tech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Virginia\" title=\"University of Virginia\">Virginia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virginia_Tech\" title=\"Virginia Tech\">Virginia Tech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Washington\" title=\"University of Washington\">Washington</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wayne_State_University\" title=\"Wayne State University\">Wayne State</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary\" title=\"The College of William &amp; Mary\">William &amp; Mary</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison\" title=\"University of Wisconsin–Madison\">Wisconsin</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: center;background:#8b0003;color:white\">Private</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Boston_University\" title=\"Boston University\">Boston U</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Brown_University\" title=\"Brown University\">Brown</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"California Institute of Technology\">Caltech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University\" title=\"Carnegie Mellon University\">Carnegie Mellon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University\" title=\"Case Western Reserve University\">Case Western Reserve</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chicago\" title=\"University of Chicago\">Chicago</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cornell_University\" title=\"Cornell University\">Cornell</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Duke_University\" title=\"Duke University\">Duke</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University\" title=\"Harvard University\">Harvard</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"Illinois Institute of Technology\">Illinois Tech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University\" title=\"Johns Hopkins University\">Johns Hopkins</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Northeastern_University\" title=\"Northeastern University\">Northeastern</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Northwestern_University\" title=\"Northwestern University\">Northwestern</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame\" title=\"University of Notre Dame\">Notre Dame</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania\" title=\"University of Pennsylvania\">Penn</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_University\" title=\"Princeton University\">Princeton</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rice_University\" title=\"Rice University\">Rice</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Rochester\" title=\"University of Rochester\">Rochester</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rockefeller_University\" title=\"Rockefeller University\">Rockefeller</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University\" title=\"Southern Methodist University\">SMU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Syracuse_University\" title=\"Syracuse University\">Syracuse</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tufts_University\" title=\"Tufts University\">Tufts</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tulane_University\" title=\"Tulane University\">Tulane</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vanderbilt_University\" title=\"Vanderbilt University\">Vanderbilt</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis\" title=\"Washington University in St. Louis\">WUSTL</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University\" title=\"Yale University\">Yale</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: center;background:#8b0003;color:white\">International</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/McGill_University\" title=\"McGill University\">McGill</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Toronto\" title=\"University of Toronto\">Toronto</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"1000\" data-file-width=\"1500\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Pisa\" title=\"University of Pisa\">Pisa</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"1000\" data-file-width=\"1500\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome\" title=\"Sapienza University of Rome\">Sapienza</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Waseda_University\" title=\"Waseda University\">Waseda</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Manchester\" title=\"University of Manchester\">Manchester</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London\" title=\"Queen Mary University of London\">QMUL</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_College_London\" title=\"University College London\">UCL</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:APRU\" title=\"Template:APRU\"><abbr style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:APRU\" title=\"Template talk:APRU\"><abbr style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:APRU&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities\" title=\"Association of Pacific Rim Universities\">Association of Pacific Rim Universities</a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Australia\" title=\"Australia\"><img alt=\"Australia\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-width=\"1280\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_National_University\" title=\"Australian National University\">Australian National</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-width=\"1280\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Melbourne\" title=\"University of Melbourne\">Melbourne</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-width=\"1280\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Sydney\" title=\"University of Sydney\">Sydney</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-width=\"1280\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales\" title=\"University of New South Wales\">UNSW</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Canada\" title=\"Canada\"><img alt=\"Canada\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia\" title=\"University of British Columbia\">British Columbia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Chile\" title=\"Chile\"><img alt=\"Chile\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"1000\" data-file-width=\"1500\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Chile\" title=\"University of Chile\">Chile</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\"><img alt=\"China\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Fudan_University\" title=\"Fudan University\">Fudan</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Nanjing_University\" title=\"Nanjing University\">Nanjing</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Peking_University\" title=\"Peking University\">Peking</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Tsinghua_University\" title=\"Tsinghua University\">Tsinghua</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China\" title=\"University of Science and Technology of China\">USTC</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Zhejiang_University\" title=\"Zhejiang University\">Zhejiang</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hong_Kong\" title=\"Hong Kong\"><img alt=\"Hong Kong\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong\" title=\"University of Hong Kong\">HKU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology\" title=\"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology\">HKUST</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Indonesia\" title=\"Indonesia\"><img alt=\"Indonesia\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"450\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Indonesia\" title=\"University of Indonesia\">Indonesia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Japan\" title=\"Japan\"><img alt=\"Japan\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Keio_University\" title=\"Keio University\">Keio</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Kyoto_University\" title=\"Kyoto University\">Kyoto</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Osaka_University\" title=\"Osaka University\">Osaka</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Tohoku_University\" title=\"Tohoku University\">Tohoku</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Tokyo\" title=\"University of Tokyo\">Tokyo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Waseda_University\" title=\"Waseda University\">Waseda</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysia\" title=\"Malaysia\"><img alt=\"Malaysia\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"1400\" data-file-width=\"2800\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Malaya\" title=\"University of Malaya\">Malaya</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mexico\" title=\"Mexico\"><img alt=\"Mexico\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"480\" data-file-width=\"840\" height=\"13\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education\" title=\"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education\">Monterrey Institute of Technology</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"480\" data-file-width=\"840\" height=\"13\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico\" title=\"National Autonomous University of Mexico\">UNAM</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand\" title=\"New Zealand\"><img alt=\"New Zealand\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Auckland\" title=\"University of Auckland\">Auckland</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\"><img alt=\"Philippines\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"450\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"University of the Philippines\">Philippines</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Baguio\" title=\"University of the Philippines Baguio\">Baguio</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Cebu_College\" title=\"University of the Philippines Cebu College\">Cebu</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman\" title=\"University of the Philippines Diliman\">Diliman</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Ba%C3%B1os\" title=\"University of the Philippines Los Baños\">Los Baños</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Manila\" title=\"University of the Philippines Manila\">Manila</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Mindanao\" title=\"University of the Philippines Mindanao\">Mindanao</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Open_University\" title=\"University of the Philippines Open University\">Open University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Visayas\" title=\"University of the Philippines Visayas\">Visayas</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Russia\" title=\"Russia\"><img alt=\"Russia\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_University\" title=\"Far Eastern Federal University\">Far Eastern Federal (FEFU)</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Singapore\" title=\"Singapore\"><img alt=\"Singapore\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"2880\" data-file-width=\"4320\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore\" title=\"National University of Singapore\">NUS</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/South_Korea\" title=\"South Korea\"><img alt=\"South Korea\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Seoul_National_University\" title=\"Seoul National University\">Seoul National</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Korea_University\" title=\"Korea University\">Korea</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Yonsei_University\" title=\"Yonsei University\">Yonsei</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\"><img alt=\"Taiwan\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/National_Taiwan_University\" title=\"National Taiwan University\">National Taiwan</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/Thailand\" title=\"Thailand\"><img alt=\"Thailand\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University\" title=\"Chulalongkorn University\">Chulalongkorn</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\"><img alt=\"United States\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></a></span> <a href=\"/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology\" title=\"California Institute of Technology\">Caltech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California\" title=\"University of California\">California</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">Berkeley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis\" title=\"University of California, Davis\">Davis</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine\" title=\"University of California, Irvine\">Irvine</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\" title=\"University of California, Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego\" title=\"University of California, San Diego\">San Diego</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara\" title=\"University of California, Santa Barbara\">Santa Barbara</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Oregon\" title=\"University of Oregon\">Oregon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Southern_California\" title=\"University of Southern California\">USC</a></li>\n",
       "<li><span class=\"flagicon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x\" width=\"23\"/></span> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Washington\" title=\"University of Washington\">Washington</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Palo_Alto.2C_California\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"Template:Palo Alto, California\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"Template talk:Palo Alto, California\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Palo_Alto,_California&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Palo_Alto.2C_California\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"Palo Alto, California\">Palo Alto, California</a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"><b>Education</b></div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">Primary and secondary schools</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_Unified_School_District\" title=\"Palo Alto Unified School District\">Palo Alto Unified School District</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gunn_High_School\" title=\"Gunn High School\">Gunn High School</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_High_School\" title=\"Palo Alto High School\">Palo Alto High School</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Altos_School_District\" title=\"Los Altos School District\">Los Altos School District</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Mountain_View-Los_Altos_Union_High_School_District\" title=\"Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District\">Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Castilleja_School\" title=\"Castilleja School\">Castilleja School</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/International_School_of_the_Peninsula\" title=\"International School of the Peninsula\">International School of the Peninsula</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kehillah_Jewish_High_School\" title=\"Kehillah Jewish High School\">Kehillah Jewish High School</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">Colleges and universities</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford University</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\"><b>Other</b></div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">Landmarks</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park\" title=\"Stanford Research Park\">Stanford Research Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Stanford Shopping Center</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">Healthcare</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center\" title=\"Stanford University Medical Center\">Stanford University Medical Center</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Hospital_and_Clinics\" title=\"Stanford Hospital and Clinics\">Stanford Hospital and Clinics</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lucile_Packard_Children%27s_Hospital\" title=\"Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/VA_Palo_Alto_Health_Care_System\" title=\"VA Palo Alto Health Care System\">VA Palo Alto Hospital</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_Medical_Foundation\" title=\"Palo Alto Medical Foundation\">Palo Alto Medical Foundation</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"background: #FCC200;\">\n",
       "<div>This list is incomplete.</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"Silicon_Valley\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Template:Silicon Valley\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Template talk:Silicon Valley\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Silicon_Valley&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"Silicon_Valley\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Silicon Valley\">Silicon Valley</a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Cities</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Campbell,_California\" title=\"Campbell, California\">Campbell</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cupertino,_California\" title=\"Cupertino, California\">Cupertino</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"East Palo Alto, California\">East Palo Alto</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fremont,_California\" title=\"Fremont, California\">Fremont</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Altos,_California\" title=\"Los Altos, California\">Los Altos</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills,_California\" title=\"Los Altos Hills, California\">Los Altos Hills</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California\" title=\"Los Gatos, California\">Los Gatos</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California\" title=\"Menlo Park, California\">Menlo Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Milpitas,_California\" title=\"Milpitas, California\">Milpitas</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California\" title=\"Morgan Hill, California\">Morgan Hill</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mountain_View,_California\" title=\"Mountain View, California\">Mountain View</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Newark,_California\" title=\"Newark, California\">Newark</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California\" title=\"Palo Alto, California\">Palo Alto</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Redwood_City,_California\" title=\"Redwood City, California\">Redwood City</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose,_California\" title=\"San Jose, California\">San Jose</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Mateo,_California\" title=\"San Mateo, California\">San Mateo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California\" title=\"Santa Clara, California\">Santa Clara</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Saratoga,_California\" title=\"Saratoga, California\">Saratoga</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California\" title=\"Sunnyvale, California\">Sunnyvale</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Colleges and universities</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley\">Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Cogswell_College\" title=\"Cogswell College\">Cogswell Polytechnical College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/De_Anza_College\" title=\"De Anza College\">De Anza College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College\" title=\"Evergreen Valley College\">Evergreen Valley College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Foothill_College\" title=\"Foothill College\">Foothill College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/International_Technological_University\" title=\"International Technological University\">International Technological University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Menlo_College\" title=\"Menlo College\">Menlo College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Mission_College_(Santa_Clara,_California)\" title=\"Mission College (Santa Clara, California)\">Mission College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ohlone_College\" title=\"Ohlone College\">Ohlone College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Technical_Institute\" title=\"Silicon Valley Technical Institute\">Silicon Valley Technical Institute</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/National_Hispanic_University\" title=\"National Hispanic University\">National Hispanic University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnic_University\" title=\"Northwestern Polytechnic University\">Northwestern Polytechnic University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_City_College\" title=\"San Jose City College\">San Jose City College</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_State_University\" title=\"San Jose State University\">San Jose State University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley_University\" title=\"Silicon Valley University\">Silicon Valley University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_University\" title=\"Santa Clara University\">Santa Clara University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford University</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley\" title=\"University of California, Berkeley\">University of California, Berkeley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz\" title=\"University of California, Santa Cruz\">University of California, Santa Cruz</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\"><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley\">Companies</a><br/>\n",
       "(including subsidiaries<br/>\n",
       "and defunct companies)</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/3Com\" title=\"3Com\">3Com</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Actuate_Corporation\" title=\"Actuate Corporation\">Actuate</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Adaptec\" title=\"Adaptec\">Adaptec</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Adobe_Systems\" title=\"Adobe Systems\">Adobe Systems</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices\" title=\"Advanced Micro Devices\">AMD</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Agilent_Technologies\" title=\"Agilent Technologies\">Agilent Technologies</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altera\" title=\"Altera\">Altera</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation\" title=\"Amdahl Corporation\">Amdahl</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ampex\" title=\"Ampex\">Ampex</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Apple_Inc.\" title=\"Apple Inc.\">Apple Inc.</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Applied_Materials\" title=\"Applied Materials\">Applied Materials</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Aricent\" title=\"Aricent\">Aricent</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Asus\" title=\"Asus\">Asus</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atari\" title=\"Atari\">Atari</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmel\" title=\"Atmel\">Atmel</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Avaya\" title=\"Avaya\">Avaya</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/BEA_Systems\" title=\"BEA Systems\">BEA Systems</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems\" title=\"Brocade Communications Systems\">Brocade</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Business_Objects\" title=\"Business Objects\">Business Objects</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Capcom\" title=\"Capcom\">Capcom</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cisco_Systems\" title=\"Cisco Systems\">Cisco Systems</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Computer_Literacy_Bookstore\" title=\"Computer Literacy Bookstore\">Computer Literacy Bookstore</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor\" title=\"Cypress Semiconductor\">Cypress Semiconductor</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/EBay\" title=\"EBay\">eBay</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Electronic_Arts\" title=\"Electronic Arts\">Electronic Arts</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Facebook\" title=\"Facebook\">Facebook</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Foundry_Networks\" title=\"Foundry Networks\">Foundry Networks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fry%27s_Electronics\" title=\"Fry's Electronics\">Fry's Electronics</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fujitsu\" title=\"Fujitsu\">Fujitsu</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_Online\" title=\"Gaia Online\">Gaia Online</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geeknet\" title=\"Geeknet\">Geeknet</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Google\" title=\"Google\">Google</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hewlett-Packard\" title=\"Hewlett-Packard\">Hewlett-Packard</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Hitachi_Global_Storage_Technologies\" title=\"Hitachi Global Storage Technologies\">Hitachi Global Storage Technologies</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force\" title=\"Internet Engineering Task Force\">IETF</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Intel_Corporation\" title=\"Intel Corporation\">Intel</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium\" title=\"Internet Systems Consortium\">Internet Systems Consortium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Intuit\" title=\"Intuit\">Intuit</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Juniper_Networks\" title=\"Juniper Networks\">Juniper Networks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Knight_Ridder\" title=\"Knight Ridder\">Knight Ridder</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/LinkedIn\" title=\"LinkedIn\">LinkedIn</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Logitech\" title=\"Logitech\">Logitech</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/LSI_Corporation\" title=\"LSI Corporation\">LSI Corporation</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Magellan_Navigation\" title=\"Magellan Navigation\">Magellan Navigation</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group\" title=\"Marvell Technology Group\">Marvell Technology Group</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Maxtor\" title=\"Maxtor\">Maxtor</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/McAfee\" title=\"McAfee\">McAfee</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Memorex\" title=\"Memorex\">Memorex</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Microsoft\" title=\"Microsoft\">Microsoft</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation\" title=\"Mozilla Corporation\">Mozilla Corporation</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/National_Semiconductor\" title=\"National Semiconductor\">National Semiconductor</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Netscape\" title=\"Netscape\">Netscape</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/NetApp\" title=\"NetApp\">NetApp</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Netflix\" title=\"Netflix\">Netflix</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/NeXT\" title=\"NeXT\">NeXT</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nintendo#Offices_and_locations\" title=\"Nintendo\">Nintendo of America</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nortel\" title=\"Nortel\">Nortel</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nvidia\" title=\"Nvidia\">Nvidia</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Opera_Software\" title=\"Opera Software\">Opera Software</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/OPPO_Digital\" title=\"OPPO Digital\">OPPO Digital</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Oracle_Corporation\" title=\"Oracle Corporation\">Oracle Corporation</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palm,_Inc.\" title=\"Palm, Inc.\">Palm, Inc.</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/PalmSource\" title=\"PalmSource\">PalmSource</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks\" title=\"Palo Alto Networks\">Palo Alto Networks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/PayPal\" title=\"PayPal\">PayPal</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pinterest\" title=\"Pinterest\">Pinterest</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Playdom\" title=\"Playdom\">Playdom</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rambus\" title=\"Rambus\">Rambus</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Redback_Networks\" title=\"Redback Networks\">Redback Networks</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Reputation.com\" title=\"Reputation.com\">Reputation.com</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/SAP_AG\" title=\"SAP AG\">SAP AG</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SanDisk\" title=\"SanDisk\">SanDisk</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Graphics\" title=\"Silicon Graphics\">Silicon Graphics</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Image\" title=\"Silicon Image\">Silicon Image</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Solectron\" title=\"Solectron\">Solectron</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment\" title=\"Sony Interactive Entertainment\">Sony</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SRI_International\" title=\"SRI International\">SRI International</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sun_Microsystems\" title=\"Sun Microsystems\">Sun Microsystems</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Symantec\" title=\"Symantec\">Symantec</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Symyx_Technologies\" title=\"Symyx Technologies\">Symyx</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Taligent\" title=\"Taligent\">Taligent</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Tesla_Inc.\" title=\"Tesla Inc.\">Tesla Inc.</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/TiVo\" title=\"TiVo\">TiVo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uber_(company)\" title=\"Uber (company)\">Uber</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Verisign\" title=\"Verisign\">Verisign</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Veritas_Software\" title=\"Veritas Software\">Veritas Software</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/VMware\" title=\"VMware\">VMware</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/WebEx\" title=\"WebEx\">WebEx</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/WhatsApp\" title=\"WhatsApp\">WhatsApp</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Xilinx\" title=\"Xilinx\">Xilinx</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Yahoo!\" title=\"Yahoo!\">Yahoo!</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div aria-labelledby=\"San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
       "<table class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\">\n",
       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">\n",
       "<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions\" title=\"Template:San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions\" title=\"Template talk:San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\"background: #FCC200;;background:none transparent;border:none;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div id=\"San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_attractions\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley\" title=\"List of attractions in Silicon Valley\">San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions</a></div>\n",
       "</th>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Arboreta / Gardens</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden\" title=\"Arizona Cactus Garden\">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Garden\" title=\"Chinese Cultural Garden\">Chinese Cultural Garden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Emma_Prusch_Farm_Park\" title=\"Emma Prusch Farm Park\">Emma Prusch Farm Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hakone_Gardens\" title=\"Hakone Gardens\">Hakone Gardens</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hollyhill_Hummingbird_Farm\" title=\"Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm\">Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_(Kelley_Park)\" title=\"Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)\">Japanese Friendship Garden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Overfelt_Gardens\" title=\"Overfelt Gardens\">Overfelt Gardens</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden\" title=\"San Jose Municipal Rose Garden\">SJ Municipal Rose Garden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum\" title=\"Stanford University Arboretum\">Stanford Arboretum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center#Arboretum\" title=\"Montalvo Arts Center\">Villa Montalvo Arboretum</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Cultural</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/American_Musical_Theatre_of_San_Jose\" title=\"American Musical Theatre of San Jose\">American Musical Theatre of SJ</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ballet_San_Jose\" title=\"Ballet San Jose\">Ballet San Jose</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_(San_Jose,_California)\" title=\"Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose, California)\">Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Choral_Project\" title=\"The Choral Project\">Choral Project</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum\" title=\"De Saisset Museum\">De Saisset Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library\" title=\"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library\">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_of_San_Jose\" title=\"Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose\">Gurdwara Sahib</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies\" title=\"Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies\">Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza\" title=\"Mexican Heritage Plaza\">Mexican Heritage Plaza</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center\" title=\"Montalvo Arts Center\">Montalvo Arts Center</a>\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center\" title=\"Montalvo Arts Center\">Villa Montalvo</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Opera_San_Jos%C3%A9\" title=\"Opera San José\">Opera San José</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall\" title=\"San Jose City Hall\">SJ City Hall</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Flea_Market\" title=\"San Jose Flea Market\">SJ Flea Market</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Improv\" title=\"San Jose Improv\">SJ Improv</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art\" title=\"San Jose Museum of Art\">SJ Museum of Art</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Repertory_Theatre\" title=\"San Jose Repertory Theatre\">SJ Rep Theatre</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/SjDANCEco\" title=\"SjDANCEco\">sjDANCEco</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Symphony_Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Symphony Silicon Valley\">Symphony Silicon Valley</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Triton_Museum_of_Art\" title=\"Triton Museum of Art\">Triton Museum of Art</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Viet_Museum\" title=\"Viet Museum\">Viet Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vivace_Youth_Chorus_of_San_Jose\" title=\"Vivace Youth Chorus of San Jose\">Vivace Youth Chorus</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Event venues</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Avaya_Stadium\" title=\"Avaya Stadium\">Avaya Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/CEFCU_Stadium\" title=\"CEFCU Stadium\">CEFCU Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/City_National_Civic\" title=\"City National Civic\">City National Civic</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium\" title=\"Levi's Stadium\">Levi's Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/PAL_Stadium\" title=\"PAL Stadium\">PAL Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts\" title=\"San Jose Center for the Performing Arts\">San Jose Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose\" title=\"SAP Center at San Jose\">SAP Center at San Jose</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_Convention_Center\" title=\"Santa Clara Convention Center\">SC Convention Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre\" title=\"Shoreline Amphitheatre\">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Convention_Center\" title=\"San Jose Convention Center\">SJ Convention Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Stadium\" title=\"San Jose Municipal Stadium\">SJ Municipal Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Event_Center_Arena\" title=\"Event Center Arena\">SJSU Event Center Arena</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stevens_Stadium\" title=\"Stevens Stadium\">Stevens Stadium</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Events</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/BayCon\" title=\"BayCon\">BayCon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cinequest_Film_Festival\" title=\"Cinequest Film Festival\">Cinequest Film Festival</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/FanimeCon\" title=\"FanimeCon\">FanimeCon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Further_Confusion\" title=\"Further Confusion\">Further Confusion</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Livestrong_Foundation#Livestrong_Challenge\" title=\"Livestrong Foundation\">LiveStrong Challenge</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Holiday_Parade\" title=\"San Jose Holiday Parade\">SJ Holiday Parade</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival\" title=\"San Jose Jazz Festival\">SJ Jazz Festival</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Comic_Con\" title=\"Silicon Valley Comic Con\">Silicon Valley Comic Con</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Jazz_Workshop\" title=\"Stanford Jazz Workshop\">Stanford Jazz Festival</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Park_(San_Jose)\" title=\"Christmas in the Park (San Jose)\">Christmas in the Park</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Historical</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza\" title=\"Circle of Palms Plaza\">Circle of Palms</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza\" title=\"Hotel De Anza\">Hotel De Anza</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hangar_One_(Mountain_View,_California)\" title=\"Hangar One (Mountain View, California)\">Hangar One</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park\" title=\"History Park at Kelley Park\">History Park at Kelley Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/HP_Garage\" title=\"HP Garage\">HP Garage</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose\" title=\"Japanese American Museum of San Jose\">Japanese American Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/New_Almaden\" title=\"New Almaden\">New Almaden</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Peralta_Adobe\" title=\"Peralta Adobe\">Peralta Adobe</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum\" title=\"Portuguese Historical Museum\">Portuguese Historical Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rengstorff_House\" title=\"Rengstorff House\">Rengstorff House</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum\" title=\"Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum\">Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles\" title=\"San Jose Museum of Quilts &amp; Textiles\">SJ Museum of Quilts &amp; Textiles</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House\" title=\"Winchester Mystery House\">Winchester Mystery House</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Parks / Trails</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park\" title=\"Almaden Quicksilver County Park\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park\" title=\"Alum Rock Park\">Alum Rock Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)\" title=\"Anderson Lake (California)\">Anderson Lake</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bay_Area_Ridge_Trail\" title=\"Bay Area Ridge Trail\">Bay Area Ridge Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Calero_Reservoir\" title=\"Calero Reservoir\">Calero Reservoir</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Castle_Rock_State_Park_(California)\" title=\"Castle Rock State Park (California)\">Castle Rock State Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Coyote%E2%80%93Bear_Park\" title=\"Coyote–Bear Park\">Coyote–Bear Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ed_R._Levin_County_Park\" title=\"Ed R. Levin County Park\">Ed Levin Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Grant_Ranch_County_Park\" title=\"Grant Ranch County Park\">Grant Ranch County Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Guadalupe_River_Trail\" title=\"Guadalupe River Trail\">Guadalupe River Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park\" title=\"Henry W. Coe State Park\">Henry W. Coe State Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kelley_Park\" title=\"Kelley Park\">Kelley Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Cunningham\" title=\"Lake Cunningham\">Lake Cunningham</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Alamitos_Creek\" title=\"Alamitos Creek\">Los Alamitos Creek Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Los_Gatos_Creek_Trail\" title=\"Los Gatos Creek Trail\">Los Gatos Creek Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez\" title=\"Plaza de César Chávez\">Plaza de César Chávez</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rancho_San_Antonio_County_Park\" title=\"Rancho San Antonio County Park\">Rancho San Antonio</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park\" title=\"Rosicrucian Park\">Rosicrucian Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sanborn_County_Park\" title=\"Sanborn County Park\">Sanborn County Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail\" title=\"San Francisco Bay Trail\">SF Bay Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Shoreline_Park,_Mountain_View\" title=\"Shoreline Park, Mountain View\">Shoreline Park</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)\" title=\"Stevens Creek (California)\">Stevens Creek Trail</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uvas_Canyon_County_Park\" title=\"Uvas Canyon County Park\">Uvas Canyon</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uvas_Creek_Preserve\" title=\"Uvas Creek Preserve\">Uvas Creek Preserve</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Uvas_Reservoir\" title=\"Uvas Reservoir\">Uvas Reservoir</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vasona_Park\" title=\"Vasona Park\">Vasona Park</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Science / Tech / Education</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose\" title=\"Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose\">Children's Discovery Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Computer_History_Museum\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Googleplex\" title=\"Googleplex\">Googleplex</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Intel_Museum\" title=\"Intel Museum\">Intel Museum</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lick_Observatory\" title=\"Lick Observatory\">Lick Observatory</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/NASA_Ames_Exploration_Center\" title=\"NASA Ames Exploration Center\">NASA Ames Exploration Center</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Jose_State_University\" title=\"San Jose State University\">SJSU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santa_Clara_University\" title=\"Santa Clara University\">SCU</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation\" title=\"The Tech Museum of Innovation\">The Tech Museum of Innovation</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Shopping</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Eastridge\" title=\"Eastridge\">Eastridge</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Great_Mall_of_the_Bay_Area\" title=\"Great Mall of the Bay Area\">Great Mall</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Westfield_Oakridge\" title=\"Westfield Oakridge\">Oakridge</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/PruneYard_Shopping_Center\" title=\"PruneYard Shopping Center\">PruneYard</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/San_Antonio_Shopping_Center\" title=\"San Antonio Shopping Center\">San Antonio</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Santana_Row\" title=\"Santana Row\">Santana Row</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center\" title=\"Stanford Shopping Center\">Stanford</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vallco_Shopping_Mall\" title=\"Vallco Shopping Mall\">Vallco</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Westfield_Valley_Fair\" title=\"Westfield Valley Fair\">Valley Fair</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Westgate_Mall_(San_Jose)\" title=\"Westgate Mall (San Jose)\">Westgate</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Theme parks and tours</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/William_%22Billy%22_Jones#The_.22Wildcat_Railroad.22\" title='William \"Billy\" Jones'>Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/California%27s_Great_America\" title=\"California's Great America\">California's Great America</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gilroy_Gardens\" title=\"Gilroy Gardens\">Gilroy Gardens</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Happy_Hollow_Park_%26_Zoo\" title=\"Happy Hollow Park &amp; Zoo\">Happy Hollow Park &amp; Zoo</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Raging_Waters#Raging_Waters_San_Jose\" title=\"Raging Waters\">Raging Waters</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr style=\"height:2px\">\n",
       "<td colspan=\"2\"></td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\" style=\"background: #FCC200\">Vineyards / Wineries</th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Byington_Vineyard\" title=\"Byington Vineyard\">Byington Vineyard</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/J._Lohr_Vineyards_and_Wines\" title=\"J. Lohr Vineyards and Wines\">J Lohr Vineyards and Wines</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mountain_Winery\" title=\"Mountain Winery\">Mountain Winery</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Picchetti_Brothers_Winery\" title=\"Picchetti Brothers Winery\">Picchetti Brothers Winery</a></li>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Savannah%E2%80%93Chanelle_Vineyards\" title=\"Savannah–Chanelle Vineyards\">Savannah–Chanelle Vineyards</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
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       "</tr>\n",
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       "<div aria-label=\"Navbox\" class=\"navbox\" role=\"navigation\" style=\"padding:3px\">\n",
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       "<tbody><tr>\n",
       "<th class=\"navbox-group\" scope=\"row\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a></th>\n",
       "<td class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px\">\n",
       "<div style=\"padding:0em 0.25em\">\n",
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/158761280\" rel=\"nofollow\">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File\" title=\"Virtual International Authority File\">VIAF</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://viaf.org/viaf/158761280\" rel=\"nofollow\">158761280</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number\" title=\"Library of Congress Control Number\">LCCN</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79054636\" rel=\"nofollow\">n79054636</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier\" title=\"International Standard Name Identifier\">ISNI</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://isni.org/isni/0000000419368956\" rel=\"nofollow\">0000 0004 1936 8956</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File\" title=\"Integrated Authority File\">GND</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://d-nb.info/gnd/2885-X\" rel=\"nofollow\">2885-X</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation\" title=\"Système universitaire de documentation\">SUDOC</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.idref.fr/026637251\" rel=\"nofollow\">026637251</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\" title=\"Bibliothèque nationale de France\">BNF</a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884671g\" rel=\"nofollow\">cb11884671g</a> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884671g\" rel=\"nofollow\">(data)</a></span></span></li>\n",
       "</ul>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</tbody></table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span id=\"coordinates\"><a href=\"/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system\" title=\"Geographic coordinate system\">Coordinates</a>: <span class=\"plainlinks nourlexpansion\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Stanford_University&amp;params=37.43_N_-122.17_E_region:US-CA_type:edu\"><span class=\"geo-nondefault\"><span class=\"geo-dms\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\"><span class=\"latitude\">37°26′N</span> <span class=\"longitude\">122°10′W</span></span></span><span class=\"geo-multi-punct\">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class=\"geo-default\"><span class=\"geo-dec\" title=\"Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location\">37.43°N 122.17°W</span><span style=\"display:none\">﻿ / <span class=\"geo\">37.43; -122.17</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
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       "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\" id=\"catlinks\"><div class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Category\" title=\"Help:Category\">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley\" title=\"Category:Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley\">Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Stanford_University\" title=\"Category:Stanford University\">Stanford University</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:1891_establishments_in_California\" title=\"Category:1891 establishments in California\">1891 establishments in California</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1891\" title=\"Category:Educational institutions established in 1891\">Educational institutions established in 1891</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_California\" title=\"Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in California\">Romanesque Revival architecture in California</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Schools_accredited_by_the_Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges\" title=\"Category:Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges\">Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Santa_Clara_County,_California\" title=\"Category:Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California\">Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Private_universities_and_colleges_in_California\" title=\"Category:Private universities and colleges in California\">Private universities and colleges in California</a></li></ul></div><div class=\"mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden\" id=\"mw-hidden-catlinks\">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" title=\"Category:Webarchive template wayback 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href=\"/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements\" title=\"Category:All articles with unsourced statements\">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016\" title=\"Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016\">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference\" title=\"Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference\">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference\" title=\"Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a 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       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
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       "\t\t\t\t\t\t</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"/w/index.php\" id=\"searchform\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"simpleSearch\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input accesskey=\"f\" id=\"searchInput\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" type=\"search\"/><input name=\"title\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"Special:Search\"/><input class=\"searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton\" id=\"mw-searchButton\" name=\"fulltext\" title=\"Search Wikipedia for this text\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\"/><input class=\"searchButton\" id=\"searchButton\" name=\"go\" title=\"Go to a page with this exact name if it exists\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Go\"/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t</form>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div id=\"mw-panel\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t<div id=\"p-logo\" role=\"banner\"><a class=\"mw-wiki-logo\" href=\"/wiki/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page\"></a></div>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-navigation-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-navigation\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-navigation-label\">Navigation</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id=\"n-mainpage-description\"><a accesskey=\"z\" href=\"/wiki/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\">Main page</a></li><li id=\"n-contents\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\">Contents</a></li><li id=\"n-featuredcontent\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Featured_content\" title=\"Featured content – the best of Wikipedia\">Featured content</a></li><li id=\"n-currentevents\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Find background information on current events\">Current events</a></li><li id=\"n-randompage\"><a accesskey=\"x\" href=\"/wiki/Special:Random\" title=\"Load a random article [x]\">Random article</a></li><li id=\"n-sitesupport\"><a href=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en\" title=\"Support us\">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li><li id=\"n-shoplink\"><a href=\"//shop.wikimedia.org\" title=\"Visit the Wikipedia store\">Wikipedia store</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-interaction-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-interaction\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-interaction-label\">Interaction</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id=\"n-help\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\">Help</a></li><li id=\"n-aboutsite\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Find out about Wikipedia\">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id=\"n-portal\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"About the project, what you can do, where to find things\">Community portal</a></li><li id=\"n-recentchanges\"><a accesskey=\"r\" href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChanges\" title=\"A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]\">Recent changes</a></li><li id=\"n-contactpage\"><a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\">Contact page</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-tb-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-tb\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-tb-label\">Tools</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id=\"t-whatlinkshere\"><a accesskey=\"j\" href=\"/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stanford_University\" title=\"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\">What links here</a></li><li id=\"t-recentchangeslinked\"><a accesskey=\"k\" href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stanford_University\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\">Related changes</a></li><li id=\"t-upload\"><a accesskey=\"u\" href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [u]\">Upload file</a></li><li id=\"t-specialpages\"><a accesskey=\"q\" href=\"/wiki/Special:SpecialPages\" title=\"A list of all special pages [q]\">Special pages</a></li><li id=\"t-permalink\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;oldid=775952855\" title=\"Permanent link to this revision of the page\">Permanent link</a></li><li id=\"t-info\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;action=info\" title=\"More information about this page\">Page information</a></li><li id=\"t-wikibase\"><a accesskey=\"g\" href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41506\" title=\"Link to connected data repository item [g]\">Wikidata item</a></li><li id=\"t-cite\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Stanford_University&amp;id=775952855\" title=\"Information on how to cite this page\">Cite this page</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-coll-print_export-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-coll-print_export\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-coll-print_export-label\">Print/export</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id=\"coll-create_a_book\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Stanford+University\">Create a book</a></li><li id=\"coll-download-as-rdf2latex\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;arttitle=Stanford+University&amp;returnto=Stanford+University&amp;oldid=775952855&amp;writer=rdf2latex\">Download as PDF</a></li><li id=\"t-print\"><a accesskey=\"p\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University&amp;printable=yes\" title=\"Printable version of this page [p]\">Printable version</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-wikibase-otherprojects-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-wikibase-otherprojects\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-wikibase-otherprojects-label\">In other projects</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons\"><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"en\">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"en\">Wikiquote</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t</div>\n",
       "\t\t\t<div aria-labelledby=\"p-lang-label\" class=\"portal\" id=\"p-lang\" role=\"navigation\">\n",
       "\t\t\t<h3 id=\"p-lang-label\">Languages</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "\t\t\t<div class=\"body\">\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n",
       "\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-am\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%92%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2\" hreflang=\"am\" lang=\"am\" title=\"ስታንፎርድ ዩኒቨርስቲ – Amharic\">አማርኛ</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ar\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" title=\"جامعة ستانفورد – Arabic\">العربية</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-az\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenford_Universiteti\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" title=\"Stenford Universiteti – Azerbaijani\">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-azb\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88\" hreflang=\"azb\" lang=\"azb\" title=\"استنفورد بیلیم‌یوردو – تۆرکجه\">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bn\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC\" hreflang=\"bn\" lang=\"bn\" title=\"স্ট্যানফোর্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla\">বাংলা</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk\" hreflang=\"zh-min-nan\" lang=\"zh-min-nan\" title=\"Stanford Tāi-ha̍k – Chinese (Min Nan)\">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-be\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82\" hreflang=\"be\" lang=\"be\" title=\"Стэнфардскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian\">Беларуская</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82\" hreflang=\"be-x-old\" lang=\"be-x-old\" title=\"Стэнфардзкі ўнівэрсытэт – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎\">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82\" hreflang=\"bg\" lang=\"bg\" title=\"Станфордски университет – Bulgarian\">Български</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bs\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Stanford\" hreflang=\"bs\" lang=\"bs\" title=\"Univerzitet Stanford – Bosnian\">Bosanski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Stanford\" hreflang=\"ca\" lang=\"ca\" title=\"Universitat de Stanford – Catalan\">Català</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordova_univerzita\" hreflang=\"cs\" lang=\"cs\" title=\"Stanfordova univerzita – Czech\">Čeština</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cy\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Stanford\" hreflang=\"cy\" lang=\"cy\" title=\"Prifysgol Stanford – Welsh\">Cymraeg</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-da\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"da\" lang=\"da\" title=\"Stanford University – Danish\">Dansk</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" title=\"Stanford University – German\">Deutsch</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-et\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordi_%C3%BClikool\" hreflang=\"et\" lang=\"et\" title=\"Stanfordi ülikool – Estonian\">Eesti</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-el\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84\" hreflang=\"el\" lang=\"el\" title=\"Πανεπιστήμιο Στάνφορντ – Greek\">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Stanford\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" title=\"Universidad Stanford – Spanish\">Español</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eo\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Stanford\" hreflang=\"eo\" lang=\"eo\" title=\"Universitato Stanford – Esperanto\">Esperanto</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Unibertsitatea\" hreflang=\"eu\" lang=\"eu\" title=\"Stanford Unibertsitatea – Basque\">Euskara</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" title=\"دانشگاه استنفورد – Persian\">فارسی</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Stanford\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" title=\"Université Stanford – French\">Français</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-gu\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80\" hreflang=\"gu\" lang=\"gu\" title=\"સ્ટેનફોર્ડ યુનિવર્સિટી – Gujarati\">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hak\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk\" hreflang=\"hak\" lang=\"hak\" title=\"Stanford Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese\">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" title=\"스탠퍼드 대학교 – Korean\">한국어</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hy\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6\" hreflang=\"hy\" lang=\"hy\" title=\"Սթենֆորդի համալսարան – Armenian\">Հայերեն</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hi\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" title=\"स्टैनफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi\">हिन्दी</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hr\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Stanford\" hreflang=\"hr\" lang=\"hr\" title=\"Sveučilište Stanford – Croatian\">Hrvatski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Stanford\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" title=\"Universitas Stanford – Indonesian\">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-is\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li\" hreflang=\"is\" lang=\"is\" title=\"Stanford-háskóli – Icelandic\">Íslenska</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Stanford\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" title=\"Università di Stanford – Italian\">Italiano</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93\" hreflang=\"he\" lang=\"he\" title=\"אוניברסיטת סטנפורד – Hebrew\">עברית</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-jv\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Stanford\" hreflang=\"jv\" lang=\"jv\" title=\"Universitas Stanford – Javanese\">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kn\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF\" hreflang=\"kn\" lang=\"kn\" title=\"ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾನ್‌ಫೋರ್ಡ್ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ – Kannada\">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ka\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98\" hreflang=\"ka\" lang=\"ka\" title=\"სტენფორდის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian\">ქართული</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-csb\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99niwersytet_Stanforda\" hreflang=\"csb\" lang=\"csb\" title=\"Ùniwersytet Stanforda – Kashubian\">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kk\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96\" hreflang=\"kk\" lang=\"kk\" title=\"Стэнфорд университеті – Kazakh\">Қазақша</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sw\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Stanford\" hreflang=\"sw\" lang=\"sw\" title=\"Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford – Swahili\">Kiswahili</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ku\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEngeha_Stanford\" hreflang=\"ku\" lang=\"ku\" title=\"Zanîngeha Stanford – Kurdish\">Kurdî</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ky\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8\" hreflang=\"ky\" lang=\"ky\" title=\"Стэнфорд Университети – Kyrgyz\">Кыргызча</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-la\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Stanfordiensis\" hreflang=\"la\" lang=\"la\" title=\"Universitas Stanfordiensis – Latin\">Latina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lv\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenforda_Universit%C4%81te\" hreflang=\"lv\" lang=\"lv\" title=\"Stenforda Universitāte – Latvian\">Latviešu</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lt\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordo_universitetas\" hreflang=\"lt\" lang=\"lt\" title=\"Stanfordo universitetas – Lithuanian\">Lietuvių</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Egyetem\" hreflang=\"hu\" lang=\"hu\" title=\"Stanford Egyetem – Hungarian\">Magyar</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mr\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0\" hreflang=\"mr\" lang=\"mr\" title=\"स्टॅनफर्ड विद्यापीठ – Marathi\">मराठी</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF\" hreflang=\"arz\" lang=\"arz\" title=\"جامعة ستانفورد – Egyptian Arabic\">مصرى</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87\" hreflang=\"mzn\" lang=\"mzn\" title=\"استانفورد دانشگاه – Mazanderani\">مازِرونی</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-my\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA\" hreflang=\"my\" lang=\"my\" title=\"စတန်းဖို့ဒ် တက္ကသိုလ် – Burmese\">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-universiteit\" hreflang=\"nl\" lang=\"nl\" title=\"Stanford-universiteit – Dutch\">Nederlands</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" title=\"スタンフォード大学 – Japanese\">日本語</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"no\" lang=\"no\" title=\"Stanford University – Norwegian\">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nn\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"nn\" lang=\"nn\" title=\"Stanford University – Norwegian Nynorsk\">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uz\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_universiteti\" hreflang=\"uz\" lang=\"uz\" title=\"Stanford universiteti – Uzbek\">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C\" hreflang=\"pnb\" lang=\"pnb\" title=\"سٹینفورڈ یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi\">پنجابی</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pap\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_Stanford\" hreflang=\"pap\" lang=\"pap\" title=\"Universidat Stanford – Papiamento\">Papiamentu</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"pl\" lang=\"pl\" title=\"Stanford University – Polish\">Polski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Stanford\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" title=\"Universidade Stanford – Portuguese\">Português</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ro\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Stanford\" hreflang=\"ro\" lang=\"ro\" title=\"Universitatea Stanford – Romanian\">Română</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-qu\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Yachay_Suntur\" hreflang=\"qu\" lang=\"qu\" title=\"Stanford Yachay Suntur – Quechua\">Runa Simi</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" title=\"Стэнфордский университет – Russian\">Русский</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sah\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"sah\" lang=\"sah\" title=\"Стэнфорд университета – Sakha\">Саха тыла</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sc\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Stanford\" hreflang=\"sc\" lang=\"sc\" title=\"Universidade de Stanford – Sardinian\">Sardu</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sco\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Varsity\" hreflang=\"sco\" lang=\"sco\" title=\"Stanford Varsity – Scots\">Scots</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sq\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"sq\" lang=\"sq\" title=\"Stanford University – Albanian\">Shqip</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-simple\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"simple\" lang=\"simple\" title=\"Stanford University – Simple English\">Simple English</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sk\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Junior_University\" hreflang=\"sk\" lang=\"sk\" title=\"Leland Stanford Junior University – Slovak\">Slovenčina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sl\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Stanford\" hreflang=\"sl\" lang=\"sl\" title=\"Univerza Stanford – Slovenian\">Slovenščina</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" title=\"زانکۆی ستانفۆرد – Central Kurdish\">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sr\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Stanford\" hreflang=\"sr\" lang=\"sr\" title=\"Univerzitet Stanford – Serbian\">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sh\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford\" hreflang=\"sh\" lang=\"sh\" title=\"Stanford – Serbo-Croatian\">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordin_yliopisto\" hreflang=\"fi\" lang=\"fi\" title=\"Stanfordin yliopisto – Finnish\">Suomi</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University\" hreflang=\"sv\" lang=\"sv\" title=\"Stanford University – Swedish\">Svenska</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ta\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D\" hreflang=\"ta\" lang=\"ta\" title=\"இசுட்டான்போர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil\">தமிழ்</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tt\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenford_universitet%C4%B1\" hreflang=\"tt\" lang=\"tt\" title=\"Stenford universitetı – Tatar\">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-te\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82\" hreflang=\"te\" lang=\"te\" title=\"స్టాన్ఫోర్డ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – Telugu\">తెలుగు</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94\" hreflang=\"th\" lang=\"th\" title=\"มหาวิทยาลัยสแตนฟอร์ด – Thai\">ไทย</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_%C3%9Cniversitesi\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" title=\"Stanford Üniversitesi – Turkish\">Türkçe</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82\" hreflang=\"uk\" lang=\"uk\" title=\"Стенфордський університет – Ukrainian\">Українська</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ur\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88\" hreflang=\"ur\" lang=\"ur\" title=\"جامعہ سٹنفورڈ – Urdu\">اردو</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ug\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89\" hreflang=\"ug\" lang=\"ug\" title=\"ستانفورد ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur\">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Stanford\" hreflang=\"vi\" lang=\"vi\" title=\"Đại học Stanford – Vietnamese\">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-war\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Stanford\" hreflang=\"war\" lang=\"war\" title=\"Unibersidad Stanford – Waray\">Winaray</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8\" hreflang=\"zh-yue\" lang=\"zh-yue\" title=\"史丹福大學 – Cantonese\">粵語</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-diq\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Standfordi\" hreflang=\"diq\" lang=\"diq\" title=\"Universıtey Standfordi – Zazaki\">Zazaki</a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh\"><a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" title=\"史丹佛大學 – Chinese\">中文</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n",
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       "<div class=\"hatnote\" role=\"note\">\"Stanford\" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class=\"mw-disambig\" href=\"/wiki/Stanford_(disambiguation)\" title=\"Stanford (disambiguation)\">Stanford (disambiguation)</a>.</div>"
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       "'Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University,[8] is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8,180-acre (12.8\\xa0sq\\xa0mi; 33.1\\xa0km2)[9] campus is one of the largest in the United States.[note 1] Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere.[7][9]'"
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      "Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University,[8] is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km2)[9] campus is one of the largest in the United States.[note 1] Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere.[7][9]\n",
      "The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford Jr., who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year. Stanford was a former Governor of California and U.S. Senator; he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1, 1891,[2][3] as a coeducational and non-denominational institution.\n",
      "Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanford's death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[12] Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley.[13] The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.[14]\n",
      "There are three academic schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. It has gained 112 NCAA team championships,[15] the second-most for a university, 483 individual championships, the most in Division I,[16] and has won the NACDA Directors' Cup, recognizing the university with the best overall athletic team achievement, for 22 consecutive years, beginning in 1994–1995.[17]\n",
      "Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a large number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.[18] It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires, 17 astronauts, and 20 Turing Award laureates.[note 2] It is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress.[39][40] Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, faculty or staff.[41]\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford's previous Palo Alto farm. Despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I. The Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), which was established in 1962, performs research in particle physics.[43]\n",
      "Jane and Leland Stanford modeled their university after the great eastern universities and most specifically Cornell University and Harvard University. Stanford opened being called the \"Cornell of the West\" in 1891 due to faculty being former Cornell professors and alumni including its first president, David Starr Jordan. Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to have higher education be accessible, nonsectarian, and open to women as well to men. Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt this radical departure from traditional education, and Stanford became an early adopter as well.[44]\n",
      "Most of Stanford University is on an 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km2)[9] campus on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles (30 km) northwest of San Jose; this is the founding grant. In 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped.[45] Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at several more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus, some further afield (see below).\n",
      "Stanford's main campus includes a census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County, although some of the university land (such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park) is within the city limits of Palo Alto. The campus also includes much land in unincorporated San Mateo County (including the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve), as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park (Stanford Hills neighborhood), Woodside, and Portola Valley.[46]\n",
      "The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, and Sand Hill Road. The United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P.O. box mail. It lies within area code 650.\n",
      "Stanford currently operates or intends to operate in various locations outside of its central campus.\n",
      "On the founding grant:\n",
      "Off the founding grant:\n",
      "Locations in development:\n",
      "Many Stanford faculty members live in the \"Faculty Ghetto\", within walking or biking distance of campus.[55] The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. Similar to a condominium, the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the \"Ghetto\" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. However, it remains an expensive area in which to own property, and the average price of single-family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto.[citation needed]\n",
      "Some of the land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park. Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the Palo Alto Unified School District for several schools including Palo Alto High School and Gunn High School.[56] El Camino Park, the oldest Palo Alto city park (established 1914), is also on Stanford land.[57]\n",
      "Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and the Bing Concert Hall, the Stanford Mausoleum with the nearby Angel of Grief, Hoover Tower, the Rodin sculpture garden, the Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden, the Arizona Cactus Garden, the Stanford University Arboretum, Green Library and the Dish. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1937 Hanna–Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry Hoover House are both listed on the National Historic Register. The Claw (officially White Memorial Fountain) between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of “fountain hopping”; it was installed in 1964 and designed by Aristides Demetrios after a national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949, William N. White and John B. White II, one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952.[58][59][60][61]\n",
      "Stanford University is a tax-exempt corporate trust governed by a privately appointed Board of Trustees with a maximum membership of 38.[6][note 3] Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.[63] A new trustee is chosen by the current trustees by ballot.[62] The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park, the Stanford Shopping Center, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University Medical Center, and many associated medical facilities (including the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital).[64]\n",
      "The Board appoints a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the university and prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, manage financial and business affairs, and appoint nine vice presidents.[65] The Provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.[66][67] Persis Drell became the 13th Provost in February 2017.\n",
      "As of 2013 the university was organized into seven academic schools.[68] The schools of Humanities and Sciences (27 departments), Engineering (9 departments), and Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (4 departments) have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of Law, Medicine, Education and Business have graduate programs only. The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators, but most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 55 elected representatives of the faculty.[69]\n",
      "The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford University and all registered students are members. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body.[70]\n",
      "Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution, which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.[71]\n",
      "The university's endowment, managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $22.2 billion in August 2015, 3.6% over the previous year.[72][73] The endowment fell 25% in 2009 as a result of the late-2000s recession, but posted gains of 14.4% in 2010 and 22.4% in 2011, when it was valued at $16.5 billion.[74]\n",
      "Stanford has been the top fundraising university in the United States for several years. It raised $911 million in 2006,[75] $832 million in 2007,[76] $785 million in 2008,[77] $640 million in 2009,[78] $599 million in 2010,[79] $709 million in 2011,[80] and $1.035 billion in 2012, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.[14] In 2013 and 2014 it raised $932 million and $928 million.[80] Payouts from the Stanford endowment covered approximately 23% of University expenses in the 2014 fiscal year, compared to Princeton at 55% and Harvard at 35%.[81]\n",
      "In 2006, President John L. Hennessy launched a five-year campaign called the Stanford Challenge, which reached its $4.3 billion fundraising goal in 2009, two years ahead of time, but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign. It concluded on December 31, 2011, having raised a total of $6.23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of $3.88 billion held by Yale.[82][83] Specifically, the campaign raised $253.7 million for undergraduate financial aid, as well as $2.33 billion for its initiative in \"Seeking Solutions\" to global problems, $1.61 billion for \"Educating Leaders\" by improving K-12 education, and $2.11 billion for \"Foundation of Excellence\" aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty. Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate students, 139 new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings. The new funding also enabled the construction of a facility for stem cell research; a new campus for the business school; an expansion of the law school; a new Engineering Quad; a new art and art history building; an on-campus concert hall; a new art museum; and a planned expansion of the medical school, among other things.[84][85]\n",
      "Stanford follows a quarter system with Autumn quarter usually starting in late September and Spring Quarter ending in early June.[86] The full-time, four-year undergraduate program has an arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence.[86] Stanford is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.[87]\n",
      "Full-time undergraduate tuition was $42,690 for 2013–2014.[88] Stanford's admission process is need-blind for US citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $31,411.[88] In 2012–13, the university awarded $126 million in need-based financial aid to 3,485 students, with an average aid package of $40,460.[88] Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid.[88] Stanford has a no-loan policy.[88] For undergraduates admitted in 2015, Stanford waives tuition, room, and board for most families with incomes below $65,000, and most families with incomes below $125,000 are not required to pay tuition; those with incomes up to $150,000 may have tuition significantly reduced.[89] 17% of students receive Pell Grants,[88] a common measure of low-income students at a college.\n",
      "As of 2016 the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw eighteen independent laboratories, centers, and institutes.[90]\n",
      "Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), the Stanford Research Institute (an independent institution which originated at the university), the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace (a major public policy think tank that attracts visiting scholars from around the world), and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education).[citation needed]\n",
      "Stanford is home to the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project, a collaboration with the King Center to publish the King papers held by the King Center.[91] It also runs the John S. Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing the ocean.[92]\n",
      "As of 2014 Stanford University Libraries (SUL) held a collection of more than 9.3 million volumes, nearly 300,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-books, 2.5 million audiovisual materials, 77,000 serials, nearly 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources.[93]\n",
      "The main library in the SU library system is Green Library, which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. Lathrop Library (previously Meyer Library, demolished in 2015), holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of the largest East Asia collections with 540,000 volumes.\n",
      "Stanford University is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. The Center's collection of works by Rodin is among the largest in the world[94] The Thomas Welton Stanford Gallery, built in 1917, serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art & Art History as well as an exhibition venue. There are outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features includes wood carvings and \"totem poles.\"\n",
      "The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, Stanford Taiko, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society, the Stanford Improvisors,[95] the Stanford Shakespeare Society, and the Stanford Savoyards, a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. There are award-winning a cappella music groups including the Mendicants,[96] Counterpoint,[97] the Stanford Fleet Street Singers,[98] Harmonics, Mixed Company,[99] Testimony, Talisman, Everyday People, and Raagapella.[100]\n",
      "The creative writing program brings young writers to campus via the Stegner Fellowships and other graduate scholarship programs. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choice. The Stanford Spoken Word Collective, an extracurricular writing and performance group, also serves as the school's poetry slam team.[101]\n",
      "Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. The Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which was offered on campus since the late 1970s, brought together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishing. It ended in 2009, although the tradition has continued at Yale with the Yale Publishing Course that began in 2010. Videos from the Stanford Professional Publishing Courses were available on their website as of 2014.[102]\n",
      "Notably, Stanford ranks high and often first in many domestic college ranking measures, leading Slate to dub Stanford in 2014 as \"the Harvard of the 21st century,\"[111] and The New York Times in the same year to conclude that \"Stanford University has become America’s 'it' school, by measures that Harvard once dominated.\"[112] From polls done by The Princeton Review in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, the most commonly named \"dream college\" for students was Stanford; separately, parents, too, most frequently named Stanford as their \"dream college.\"[113] The inaugural 2017 Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings picked Stanford as the No. 1 school in the United States.[114]\n",
      "Globally, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Stanford second most years from 2003 to 2016.[115]\n",
      "Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies; it is often held up as a model for technology transfer.[116][117]\n",
      "Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing developments and has been run by Katherine Ku since 1991. She took over from Niels Reimers who had been with the office for 23 years.[118][119]\n",
      "Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many companies including Google, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, Instagram, Snapchat, LinkedIn, and Yahoo!, and companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.[18]\n",
      "Developments include:\n",
      "[132]\n",
      "Stanford enrolled 7,061 undergraduate[88] and 11,075 graduate students[88] as of October 2013, and women comprised 47% of undergraduates and 41% of professional and graduate students.[88] In the same academic year, the freshman retention rate was 99%.\n",
      "Stanford awarded 1,715 undergraduate degrees, 2,278 Master's degrees, 764 doctoral degrees, and 366 professional degrees in the 2011–2012 school year.[88] The four-year graduation rate in the class of 2011 was 76%, and the six-year rate was 96%.[88] The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or \"coterm\") program, which allows students to earn a master's degree as an extension of their undergraduate program.[135]\n",
      "As of 2010, fifteen percent of undergraduates were first-generation students.[136]\n",
      "As of 2013, 89% of undergraduate students lived in on-campus university housing. First-year undergraduates are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years.[88][137] Undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses, and fraternities and sororities.[138] At Manzanita Park, 118 mobile homes were installed as \"temporary\" housing from 1969 to 1991, but as of 2015 was the site of newer dorms Castano, Kimball, Lantana, and the Humanities House, completed in 2015.[139][140] Most student residences are just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are reserved for freshman, sophomores, or upperclass students and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities, three are all-female sororities, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors), including all Wilbur dorms except for Arroyo and Okada.[141]\n",
      "Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language and Culture Houses include EAST (Education And Society Themed House), Hammarskjöld (International Themed House), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Themed House), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Themed House), Storey (Human Biology Themed House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture). Cross-Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Themed House), Okada (Asian-American Themed House in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Themed House in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include Freshman-Sophomore College (Academic Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority).[138] Theme houses predating the current \"theme\" classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970),[142] and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972).[143]\n",
      "Co-ops or \"Self-Ops\" are another housing option. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered. Many co-ops are hubs of music, art and philosophy. The co-ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row (formerly Chi Theta Chi), Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld, Kairos, Terra (the unofficial LGBT house),[144] and Synergy.[145] Phi Sigma, at 1018 Campus Drive was formerly Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity, but in 1973 became a Self-Op.[146]\n",
      "As of 2015 around 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus.[147] First-year graduate students are guaranteed on-campus housing. Stanford also subsidizes off-campus apartments in nearby Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Mountain View for graduate students who are guaranteed on-campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space.[148]\n",
      "As of 2016 Stanford had 16 male varsity sports and 20 female varsity sports,[149] 19 club sports[150] and about 27 intramural sports[151] In 1930, following a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot \"Indian.\" The Indian symbol and name were later dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate.[152] The sports teams are now officially referred to as the \"Stanford Cardinal\", referring to the deep red color, not the cardinal bird. Stanford is a member of the Pac-12 Conference in most sports, the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several other sports, and the America East Conference in field hockey[153] with the participation in the inter-collegiate NCAA's Division I FBS.\n",
      "Its traditional sports rival is Berkeley, the neighbor to the north in the East Bay. The winner of the annual \"Big Game\" between the Cal and Cardinal football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe.[154]\n",
      "Stanford has had at least one NCAA team champion every year since the 1976–77 school year[155] and has earned 112 NCAA national team titles since its establishment, second most, and only 1 fewer than the four times larger enrollment UCLA Bruins, and Stanford has won 483 individual national championships, the most by any university.[15] Stanford has won the award for the top-ranked collegiate athletic program — the NACDA Directors' Cup, formerly known as the Sears Cup – annually for the past twenty-two straight years.[156][157][158] Stanford athletes have won medals in every Olympic Games since 1912, winning 270 Olympic medals total, 139 of them gold.[159] In the 2008 Summer Olympics, and 2016 Summer Olympics, Stanford won more Olympic medals than any other university in the United States.[160][161] Stanford athletes won 16 medals at the 2012 Summer Games (12 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze), and 27 medals at the 2016 Summer Games.[162]\n",
      "Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions. The Stanford Office for Religious Life's mission is \"to guide, nurture and enhance spiritual, religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community\" by promoting enriching dialogue, meaningful ritual, and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds. It is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean. Stanford Memorial Church, in the center of campus, has a Sunday University Public Worship service (UPW) usually in the \"Protestant Ecumenical Christian\" tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life. UPW sometimes has multifaith services.[175] In addition the church is used by the Catholic community and by some of the other Christian denominations at Stanford. Weddings happen most Saturdays and the university has for over 20 years allowed blessings of same-gender relationships and now legal weddings.\n",
      "In addition to the church, the Office for Religious Life has a Center for Inter-Religious Community, Learning and Experiences (CIRCLE) on the third floor of Old Union. It offers a common room, an interfaith sanctuary, a seminar room, a student lounge area and a reading room, as well as offices housing a number of Stanford Associated Religions (SAR) member groups and the Senior Associate Dean and Associate Dean for Religious Life. Most though not all religious student groups belong to SAR. The SAR directory includes organizations that serve atheist, Baha'i, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam, Jewish, and Sikh groups, though these groups vary year by year.[176]\n",
      "The Windhover Contemplation Center was dedicated in October 2014, and was intended to provide spiritual sanctuary for students and staff in the midst of their course and work schedules; the center displays the \"Windhover\" paintings by Nathan Olivera, the late Stanford professor and artist.[177]\n",
      "Some religions have a larger and more formal presence on campus in addition to the student groups; these include the Catholic Community at Stanford[178] and Hillel at Stanford.[179]\n",
      "Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891, when the university first opened. In 1944, University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.[180] However, following Title IX, the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977.[181] Students are not permitted to join a fraternity or sorority until Spring quarter of their freshman year.[182]\n",
      "As of 2016 Stanford had 31 Greek organizations, including 14 sororities and 16 fraternities. Nine of the Greek organizations are housed (eight in University owned houses and one, Sigma Chi, in their own house [though the land is the University][183]). Six chapters were members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters were members of the Interfraternity Council, 7 chapters belonged to the Intersorority Council, and 6 chapters belonged to the Multicultural Greek Council.[184]\n",
      "As of 2014 Stanford had 650 student organizations.[187] Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the University via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include \"special fees\", which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span from Athletic/Recreational (see section on Athletics), Careers/Pre-professional, Community Service, Ethnic/Cultural, Fraternities/Sororities, Health/Counseling, Media/Publications, Music/Dance/Creative Arts (see section on Arts), Political/Social Awareness to Religious/Philosophical.\n",
      "The Stanford Daily is the daily newspaper and has been published since the University was founded in 1892.[188] The Stanford Review is a conservative student newspaper founded in 1987.[189] The student-run radio station, KZSU Stanford 90.1 FM, features freeform music programming, sports commentary, and news segments; it started in 1947 as an AM radio station.[190]\n",
      "Students run SUpost.com, an online marketplace for Stanford students and alumni, in partnership with Stanford Student Enterprises (SSE) and the Stanford Pre-Business Association.[191] The latter is intended to build connections among industry, alumni, and student communities. Stanford Marketing is a student group that provides students hands on training through research and strategy consulting projects with Fortune 500 clients, as well as workshops led by people from industry and professors in the Stanford Graduate School of Business.[192][193] Stanford Finance provides mentoring and internships for students who want to enter a career in finance. The Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students (BASES), is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members. Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs. Stanford Women In Business (SWIB) is an on-campus business organization consisting of over a board of 40 and 100 active members. Each year, SWIB organizes over 25 events and workshops, hosts a winter and spring conference, and provides mentorship and spring quarter internships. StartX is a non-profit startup accelerator for student and faculty-led startups[194] that over 12% of the study body has applied to. It is staffed primarily by students.\n",
      "Other groups include:\n",
      "Stanford's Department of Public Safety is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus. Its deputy sheriffs are peace officers by arrangement with the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office.[203] The department is also responsible for publishing an annual crime report covering the previous three years as required by the Clery Act.[204] Fire protection has been provided by contract with the Palo Alto Fire Department since 1976.[205]\n",
      "Murder is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including Theodore Streleski's murder of his professor in 1978 and the unsolved 1974 murder of Arlis Perry in Stanford Memorial Church.[206]\n",
      "In Stanford University's 2015 Campus Climate Survey, 4.7 percent of female undergraduates reported experiencing sexual assault as defined by the university and 32.9 percent reported experiencing sexual misconduct.[207] According to the survey, 85% of perpetrators of misconduct were Stanford students and 80% were men.[207] Perpetrators of sexual misconduct were frequently aided by alcohol or drugs, according to the survey: \"Nearly three-fourths of the students whose responses were categorized as sexual assault indicated that the act was accomplished by a person or person taking advantage of them when they were drunk or high, according to the survey. Close to 70 percent of students who reported an experience of sexual misconduct involving nonconsensual penetration and/or oral sex indicated the same.\"[207] Associated Students of Stanford University and student and alumni activists with the anti-rape group Stand with Leah criticized the survey methodology for downgrading incidents involving alcohol if students did not check two separate boxes indicating they were both intoxicated and incapacity while sexually assaulted.[207] Reporting on the Brock Turner rape case, a reporter from The Washington Post analyzed campus rape reports submitted by universities to the U.S. Department of Education, and found that Stanford was one of the top ten universities in campus rapes in 2014, with 26 reported that year, but when analyzed by rapes per 1000 students, Stanford was not among the top ten.[208]\n",
      "Early in the morning of January 18, 2015, a woman visiting campus to attend a party at the Kappa Alpha fraternity was raped by Brock Turner, a freshman who had a swimming scholarship. The rape was interrupted by two Swedish graduate students.[209] Stanford immediately referred the case to prosecutors and offered the woman counseling, and within two weeks had barred Turner from campus after conducting an investigation.[210] Turner was convicted on three felony charges in March 2016 and in June 2016 he received a jail sentence of six months and was declared a sex offender, requiring him to register as such for the rest of his life; prosecutors had sought a six-year prison sentence out of the maximum 14 years that was possible.[211] The case and the relatively lenient sentence drew nationwide attention.[212] The judge in the case, a Stanford graduate, faced a recall effort in the aftermath.[209]\n",
      "In February 2015, Elise Clougherty filed a sexual assault and harassment lawsuit against venture capitalist Joe Lonsdale.[213][214] Lonsdale and Clougherty entered into a relationship in the spring of 2012 when she was a junior and he was her mentor in a Stanford entrepreneurship course.[214] By the spring of 2013 Clougherty had broken off the relationship and filed charges at Stanford that Lonsdale had broken the Stanford policy against consensual relationships between students and faculty and that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her, which resulted in Lonsdale being banned from Stanford for 10 years.[214] Lonsdale challenged Stanford's finding that he had had sexually assaulted and harassed her and Stanford rescinded that finding and the campus ban in the fall of 2015.[215] Clougherty withdrew her suit that fall as well.[216]\n",
      "As of late 2014, Stanford had 2,118 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical center faculty.[5]\n",
      "Stanford's current community of scholars includes:\n",
      "Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes 31 Nobel laureates,[5] as well as 19 recipients (22 if visiting professors and consulting professors included) of the Turing Award, the so-called \"Nobel Prize in computer science\", comprising one third of the awards given in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. It is also affiliated with 4 Gödel Prize winners, 4 Knuth Prize recipients, 10 IJCAI Computers and Thought Award winners, and about 15 Grace Murray Hopper Award winners for their work in the foundations of computer science. Stanford alumni have started many companies and, according to Forbes, has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.[221][222][223]\n",
      "Eight Stanford alumni have won the Nobel Prize.[224][225] As of 2014, 114 Stanford students have been named Rhodes Scholars.[226]\n",
      "Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W﻿ / ﻿37.43°N 122.17°W﻿ / 37.43; -122.17\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for para in paragraphs:\n",
    "    print(para.get_text())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Another text scraping example\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's create a list of urls for the chapters of A Byte of Python, iterate over the first few, and get that page content.\n",
    "\n",
    "A Byte of Python is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, allowing us to copy the book, distribute it, transmit it, remix it and so forth. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "url = \"https://python.swaroopch.com/\"\n",
    "page = requests.get(url)\n",
    "soup = BeautifulSoup(page.text, \"html5lib\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[<a class=\"custom-link\" href=\"https://www.gitbook.com/book/swaroopch/byte-of-python\" target=\"_blank\">A Byte of Python</a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"./\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Introduction\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"dedication.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Dedication\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"preface.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Preface\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"about_python.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     About Python\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"installation.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Installation\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"first_steps.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     First Steps\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"basics.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Basics\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"op_exp.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Operators and Expressions\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"control_flow.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Control flow\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"functions.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Functions\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"modules.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Modules\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"data_structures.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Data Structures\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"problem_solving.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Problem Solving\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"oop.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Object Oriented Programming\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"io.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Input and Output\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"exceptions.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Exceptions\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"stdlib.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Standard Library\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"more.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     More\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"what_next.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     What Next\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"floss.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Appendix: FLOSS\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"about.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Appendix: About\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"revision_history.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Appendix: Revision History\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"translations.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Appendix: Translations\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"translation_howto.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Appendix: Translation How-to\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a href=\"feedback.html\">\n",
       "             \n",
       "                     \n",
       "                     Feedback\n",
       "             \n",
       "                 </a>,\n",
       " <a class=\"gitbook-link\" href=\"https://www.gitbook.com\" target=\"blank\">\n",
       "             Published with GitBook\n",
       "         </a>]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can chain together methods to find one element, then find all instances of another\n",
    "# element within that HTML block\n",
    "chapters = soup.find('nav').find_all('a')\n",
    "chapters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "https://www.gitbook.com/book/swaroopch/byte-of-python\n",
      "./\n",
      "dedication.html\n",
      "preface.html\n",
      "about_python.html\n",
      "installation.html\n",
      "first_steps.html\n",
      "basics.html\n",
      "op_exp.html\n",
      "control_flow.html\n",
      "functions.html\n",
      "modules.html\n",
      "data_structures.html\n",
      "problem_solving.html\n",
      "oop.html\n",
      "io.html\n",
      "exceptions.html\n",
      "stdlib.html\n",
      "more.html\n",
      "what_next.html\n",
      "floss.html\n",
      "about.html\n",
      "revision_history.html\n",
      "translations.html\n",
      "translation_howto.html\n",
      "feedback.html\n",
      "https://www.gitbook.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can use square brackets to access the value of an attribute, such as the href of a link\n",
    "for a in chapters:\n",
    "    print(a['href'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['https://python.swaroopch.com/dedication.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/preface.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/about_python.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/first_steps.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/basics.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/op_exp.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/control_flow.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/functions.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/modules.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/data_structures.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/problem_solving.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/oop.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/io.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/exceptions.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/stdlib.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/more.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/what_next.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/floss.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/about.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/revision_history.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/translations.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/translation_howto.html',\n",
       " 'https://python.swaroopch.com/feedback.html']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Since the href didn't give us a full url, we use a function to build one\n",
    "def create_url(url):\n",
    "    return 'https://python.swaroopch.com/' + url\n",
    "\n",
    "# Then use a list comprehension to create a list of full urls of chapters\n",
    "chapter_links = [create_url(a['href']) for a in chapters[2:-1]]\n",
    "chapter_links"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Dedication\n",
      "To Kalyan Varma and many other seniors at PESIT who introduced us to GNU/Linux and the world of open source.\n",
      "To the memory of Atul Chitnis, a friend and guide who shall be missed greatly.\n",
      "To the pioneers who made the Internet happen. This book was first written in 2003. It still remains popular, thanks to the nature of sharing knowledge on the Internet as envisioned by the pioneers.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Preface\n",
      "Python is probably one of the few programming languages which is both simple and powerful. This is good for beginners as well as for experts, and more importantly, is fun to program with. This book aims to help you learn this wonderful language and show how to get things done quickly and painlessly - in effect 'The Anti-venom to your programming problems'.\n",
      "Who This Book Is For\n",
      "This book serves as a guide or tutorial to the Python programming language. It is mainly targeted at newbies. It is useful for experienced programmers as well.\n",
      "The aim is that if all you know about computers is how to save text files, then you can learn Python from this book. If you have previous programming experience, then you can also learn Python from this book.\n",
      "If you do have previous programming experience, you will be interested in the differences between Python and your favorite programming language - I have highlighted many such differences. A little warning though, Python is soon going to become your favorite programming language!\n",
      "Official Website\n",
      "The official website of the book is https://python.swaroopch.com/ where you can read the whole book online, download the latest versions of the book, buy a printed hard copy and also send me feedback.\n",
      "Something To Think About\n",
      "\n",
      "There are two ways of constructing a software design: one way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies; the other is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. -- C. A. R. Hoare\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Success in life is a matter not so much of talent and opportunity as of concentration and perseverance. -- C. W. Wendte\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                About Python\n",
      "Python is one of those rare languages which can claim to be both simple and powerful.  You will find yourself pleasantly surprised to see how easy it is to concentrate on the solution to the problem rather than the syntax and structure of the language you are programming in.\n",
      "The official introduction to Python is:\n",
      "\n",
      "Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python's elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.\n",
      "\n",
      "I will discuss most of these features in more detail in the next section.\n",
      "Story behind the name\n",
      "Guido van Rossum, the creator of the Python language, named the language after the BBC show \"Monty\n",
      "Python's Flying Circus\". He doesn't particularly like snakes that kill animals for food by winding\n",
      "their long bodies around them and crushing them.\n",
      "Features of Python\n",
      "Simple\n",
      "Python is a simple and minimalistic language. Reading a good Python program feels almost like reading English, although very strict English! This pseudo-code nature of Python is one of its greatest strengths. It allows you to concentrate on the solution to the problem rather than the language itself.\n",
      "Easy to Learn\n",
      "As you will see, Python is extremely easy to get started with. Python has an extraordinarily simple syntax, as already mentioned.\n",
      "Free and Open Source\n",
      "Python is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libré and Open Source Software). In simple terms, you can freely distribute copies of this software, read its source code, make changes to it, and use pieces of it in new free programs. FLOSS is based on the concept of a community which shares knowledge. This is one of the reasons why Python is so good - it has been created and is constantly improved by a community who just want to see a better Python.\n",
      "High-level Language\n",
      "When you write programs in Python, you never need to bother about the low-level details such as managing the memory used by your program, etc.\n",
      "Portable\n",
      "Due to its open-source nature, Python has been ported to (i.e. changed to make it work on) many platforms. All your Python programs can work on any of these platforms without requiring any changes at all if you are careful enough to avoid any system-dependent features.\n",
      "You can use Python on GNU/Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Macintosh, Solaris, OS/2, Amiga, AROS, AS/400, BeOS, OS/390, z/OS, Palm OS, QNX, VMS, Psion, Acorn RISC OS, VxWorks, PlayStation, Sharp Zaurus, Windows CE and PocketPC!\n",
      "You can even use a platform like Kivy to create games for your computer and for iPhone, iPad, and Android.\n",
      "Interpreted\n",
      "This requires a bit of explanation.\n",
      "A program written in a compiled language like C or C++ is converted from the source language i.e. C or C++ into a language that is spoken by your computer (binary code i.e. 0s and 1s) using a compiler with various flags and options. When you run the program, the linker/loader software copies the program from hard disk to memory and starts running it.\n",
      "Python, on the other hand, does not need compilation to binary. You just run the program directly from the source code. Internally, Python converts the source code into an intermediate form called bytecodes and then translates this into the native language of your computer and then runs it. All this, actually, makes using Python much easier since you don't have to worry about compiling the program, making sure that the proper libraries are linked and loaded, etc. This also makes your Python programs much more portable, since you can just copy your Python program onto another computer and it just works!\n",
      "Object Oriented\n",
      "Python supports procedure-oriented programming as well as object-oriented programming. In procedure-oriented languages, the program is built around procedures or functions which are nothing but reusable pieces of programs. In object-oriented languages, the program is built around objects which combine data and functionality. Python has a very powerful but simplistic way of doing OOP, especially when compared to big languages like C++ or Java.\n",
      "Extensible\n",
      "If you need a critical piece of code to run very fast or want to have some piece of algorithm not to be open, you can code that part of your program in C or C++ and then use it from your Python program.\n",
      "Embeddable\n",
      "You can embed Python within your C/C++ programs to give scripting capabilities for your program's users.\n",
      "Extensive Libraries\n",
      "The Python Standard Library is huge indeed. It can help you do various things involving regular expressions,documentation generation, unit testing, threading, databases, web browsers, CGI, FTP, email, XML, XML-RPC, HTML, WAV files, cryptography, GUI (graphical user interfaces), and other system-dependent stuff. Remember, all this is always available wherever Python is installed. This is called the Batteries Included philosophy of Python.\n",
      "Besides the standard library, there are various other high-quality libraries which you can find at the Python Package Index.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "Python is indeed an exciting and powerful language. It has the right combination of performance and features that make writing programs in Python both fun and easy.\n",
      "Python 3 versus 2\n",
      "You can ignore this section if you're not interested in the difference between \"Python version 2\" and \"Python version 3\". But please do be aware of which version you are using. This book is written for Python version 3.\n",
      "Remember that once you have properly understood and learn to use one version, you can easily learn the differences and use the other one. The hard part is learning programming and understanding the basics of Python language itself. That is our goal in this book, and once you have achieved that goal, you can easily use Python 2 or Python 3 depending on your situation.\n",
      "For details on differences between Python 2 and Python 3, see:\n",
      "\n",
      "The future of Python 2\n",
      "Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3\n",
      "Writing code that runs under both Python2 and 3\n",
      "Supporting Python 3: An in-depth guide\n",
      "\n",
      "What Programmers Say\n",
      "You may find it interesting to read what great hackers like ESR have to say about Python:\n",
      "\n",
      "Eric S. Raymond is the author of \"The Cathedral and the Bazaar\" and is also the person who coined the term Open Source. He says that Python has become his favorite programming language. This article was the real inspiration for my first brush with Python.\n",
      "Bruce Eckel is the author of the famous 'Thinking in Java' and 'Thinking in C++' books. He says that no language has made him more productive than Python. He says that Python is perhaps the only language that focuses on making things easier for the programmer. Read the complete interview for more details.\n",
      "Peter Norvig is a well-known Lisp author and Director of Search Quality at Google (thanks to Guido van Rossum for pointing that out). He says that writing Python is like writing in pseudocode. He says that Python has always been an integral part of Google. You can actually verify this statement by looking at the Google Jobs page which lists Python knowledge as a requirement for software engineers.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Installation \n",
      "When we refer to \"Python 3\" in this book, we will be referring to any version of Python equal to or greater than version Python 3.6.0.\n",
      "Installation on Windows\n",
      "Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/ and download the latest version. At the time of this writing, it was Python 3.5.1 \n",
      "The installation is just like any other Windows-based software.\n",
      "Note that if your Windows version is pre-Vista, you should download Python 3.4 only as later versions require newer versions of Windows.\n",
      "CAUTION: Make sure you check option Add Python 3.5 to PATH.\n",
      "To change install location, click on Customize installation, then Next and enter C:\\python35 as install location.\n",
      "If not checked, check Add Python to environment variables. This does the same thing as Add Python 3.5 to PATH on the first install screen.\n",
      "You can choose to install Launcher for all users or not, it does not matter much. Launcher is used to switch between different versions of Python installed.\n",
      "If your path was not set correctly, then follow these steps to fix it. Otherwise, go to Running Python prompt on Windows.\n",
      "NOTE: For people who already know programming, if you are familiar with Docker, check out Python in Docker and Docker on Windows.\n",
      "DOS Prompt \n",
      "If you want to be able to use Python from the Windows command line i.e. the DOS prompt, then you need to set the PATH variable appropriately.\n",
      "For Windows 2000, XP, 2003 , click on Control Panel -> System -> Advanced -> Environment Variables. Click on the variable named PATH in the System Variables section, then select Edit and add ;C:\\Python35 (please verify that this folder exists, it will be different for newer versions of Python) to the end of what is already there. Of course, use the appropriate directory name.\n",
      "\n",
      "For older versions of Windows, open the file C:\\AUTOEXEC.BAT and add the line PATH=%PATH%;C:\\Python35 and restart the system. For Windows NT, use the AUTOEXEC.NT file.\n",
      "For Windows Vista:\n",
      "\n",
      "Click Start and choose Control Panel\n",
      "Click System, on the right you'll see \"View basic information about your computer\"\n",
      "On the left is a list of tasks, the last of which is Advanced system settings. Click that.\n",
      "The Advanced tab of the System Properties dialog box is shown. Click the Environment Variables button on the bottom right.\n",
      "In the lower box titled System Variables scroll down to Path and click the Edit button.\n",
      "Change your path as need be.\n",
      "Restart your system. Vista didn't pick up the system path environment variable change until I restarted.\n",
      "\n",
      "For Windows 7 and 8:\n",
      "\n",
      "Right click on Computer from your desktop and select Properties or click Start and choose Control Panel -> System and Security -> System. Click on Advanced system settings on the left and then click on the Advanced tab. At the bottom click on Environment Variables and under System variables, look for the PATH variable, select and then press Edit.\n",
      "Go to the end of the line under Variable value and append ;C:\\Python35 (please verify that this folder exists, it will be different for newer versions of Python) to the end of what is already there. Of course, use the appropriate folder name.\n",
      "If the value was %SystemRoot%\\system32; It will now become %SystemRoot%\\system32;C:\\Python36 \n",
      "Click OK and you are done. No restart is required, however you may have to close and reopen the command line.\n",
      "\n",
      "Running Python prompt on Windows\n",
      "For Windows users, you can run the interpreter in the command line if you have set the PATH variable appropriately.\n",
      "To open the terminal in Windows, click the start button and click Run. In the dialog box, type cmd and press [enter] key.\n",
      "Then, type python and ensure there are no errors.\n",
      "Installation on Mac OS X\n",
      "For Mac OS X users, use Homebrew: brew install python3.\n",
      "To verify, open the terminal by pressing [Command + Space] keys (to open Spotlight search), type Terminal and press [enter] key. Now, run python3 and ensure there are no errors.\n",
      "Installation on GNU/Linux\n",
      "For GNU/Linux users, use your distribution's package manager to install Python 3, e.g. on Debian & Ubuntu: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install python3.\n",
      "To verify, open the terminal by opening the Terminal application or by pressing Alt + F2 and entering gnome-terminal. If that doesn't work, please refer the documentation of your particular GNU/Linux distribution. Now, run python3 and ensure there are no errors.\n",
      "You can see the version of Python on the screen by running:\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python3 -V\n",
      "Python 3.6.0\n",
      "NOTE: $ is the prompt of the shell. It will be different for you depending on the settings of the operating system on your computer, hence I will indicate the prompt by just the $ symbol.\n",
      "CAUTION: Output may be different on your computer, depending on the version of Python software installed on your computer.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "From now on, we will assume that you have Python installed on your system.\n",
      "Next, we will write our first Python program.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                First Steps\n",
      "We will now see how to run a traditional 'Hello World' program in Python. This will teach you how to write, save and run Python programs.\n",
      "There are two ways of using Python to run your program - using the interactive interpreter prompt or using a source file. We will now see how to use both of these methods.\n",
      "Using The Interpreter Prompt\n",
      "Open the terminal in your operating system (as discussed previously in the Installation chapter) and then open the Python prompt by typing python3 and pressing [enter] key.\n",
      "Once you have started Python, you should see >>> where you can start typing stuff. This is called the Python interpreter prompt.\n",
      "At the Python interpreter prompt, type:\n",
      "print(\"Hello World\")\n",
      "\n",
      "followed by the [enter] key. You should see the words Hello World printed to the screen.\n",
      "Here is an example of what you should be seeing, when using a Mac OS X computer. The details about the Python software will differ based on your computer, but the part from the prompt (i.e. from >>> onwards) should be the same regardless of the operating system.\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python3\n",
      "Python 3.6.0 (default, Jan 12 2017, 11:26:36)\n",
      "[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.38)] on darwin\n",
      "Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more information.\n",
      ">>> print(\"Hello World\")\n",
      "Hello World\n",
      "\n",
      "Notice that Python gives you the output of the line immediately! What you just entered is a single Python statement. We use print to (unsurprisingly) print any value that you supply to it. Here, we are supplying the text Hello World and this is promptly printed to the screen.\n",
      "How to Quit the Interpreter Prompt\n",
      "If you are using a GNU/Linux or OS X shell, you can exit the interpreter prompt by pressing [ctrl + d] or entering exit() (note: remember to include the parentheses, ()) followed by the [enter] key.\n",
      "If you are using the Windows command prompt, press [ctrl + z] followed by the [enter] key.\n",
      "Choosing An Editor\n",
      "We cannot type out our program at the interpreter prompt every time we want to run something, so we have to save them in files and can run our programs any number of times.\n",
      "To create our Python source files, we need an editor software where you can type and save. A good programmer's editor will make your life easier in writing the source files. Hence, the choice of an editor is crucial indeed. You have to choose an editor as you would choose a car you would buy. A good editor will help you write Python programs easily, making your journey more comfortable and helps you reach your destination (achieve your goal) in a much faster and safer way.\n",
      "One of the very basic requirements is syntax highlighting where all the different parts of your Python program are colorized so that you can see your program and visualize its running.\n",
      "If you have no idea where to start, I would recommend using PyCharm Educational Edition software which is available on Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux. Details in the next section.\n",
      "If you are using Windows, do not use Notepad - it is a bad choice because it does not do syntax highlighting and also importantly it does not support indentation of the text which is very important in our case as we will see later. Good editors will automatically do this.\n",
      "If you are an experienced programmer, then you must be already using Vim or Emacs. Needless to say, these are two of the most powerful editors and you will benefit from using them to write your Python programs. I personally use both for most of my programs, and have even written an entire book on Vim.\n",
      "In case you are willing to take the time to learn Vim or Emacs, then I highly recommend that you do learn to use either of them as it will be very useful for you in the long run. However, as I mentioned before, beginners can start with PyCharm and focus the learning on Python rather than the editor at this moment.\n",
      "To reiterate, please choose a proper editor - it can make writing Python programs more fun and easy.\n",
      "PyCharm \n",
      "PyCharm Educational Edition is a free editor which you can use for writing Python programs.\n",
      "When you open PyCharm, you'll see this, click on Create New Project:\n",
      "\n",
      "Select Pure Python:\n",
      "\n",
      "Change untitled to helloworld as the location of the project, you should see details similar to this:\n",
      "\n",
      "Click the Create button.\n",
      "Right-click on the helloworld in the sidebar and select New -> Python File:\n",
      "\n",
      "You will be asked to type the name, type hello:\n",
      "\n",
      "You can now see a file opened for you:\n",
      "\n",
      "Delete the lines that are already present, and now type the following:\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"hello world\")\n",
      "\n",
      "Now right-click on what you typed (without selecting the text), and click on Run 'hello'.\n",
      "\n",
      "You should now see the output (what it prints) of your program:\n",
      "\n",
      "Phew! That was quite a few steps to get started, but henceforth, every time we ask you to create a new file, remember to just right-click on helloworld on the left -> New -> Python File and continue the same steps to type and run as shown above.\n",
      "You can find more information about PyCharm in the PyCharm Quickstart page.\n",
      "Vim\n",
      "\n",
      "Install Vim\n",
      "Mac OS X users should install macvim package via HomeBrew\n",
      "Windows users should download the \"self-installing executable\" from Vim website\n",
      "GNU/Linux users should get Vim from their distribution's software repositories, e.g. Debian and Ubuntu users can install the vim package.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Install jedi-vim plugin for autocompletion.\n",
      "Install corresponding jedi python package : pip install -U jedi\n",
      "\n",
      "Emacs\n",
      "\n",
      "Install Emacs 24+.\n",
      "Mac OS X users should get Emacs from http://emacsformacosx.com\n",
      "Windows users should get Emacs from http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/emacs/windows/\n",
      "GNU/Linux users should get Emacs from their distribution's software repositories, e.g. Debian and Ubuntu users can install the emacs24 package.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Install ELPY\n",
      "\n",
      "Using A Source File\n",
      "Now let's get back to programming. There is a tradition that whenever you learn a new programming language, the first program that you write and run is the 'Hello World' program - all it does is just say 'Hello World' when you run it. As Simon Cozens1 says, it is the \"traditional incantation to the programming gods to help you learn the language better.\"\n",
      "Start your choice of editor, enter the following program and save it as hello.py.\n",
      "If you are using PyCharm, we have already discussed how to run from a source file.\n",
      "For other editors, open a new file hello.py and type this:\n",
      "print(\"hello world\")\n",
      "\n",
      "Where should you save the file? To any folder for which you know the location of the folder. If you\n",
      "don't understand what that means, create a new folder and use that location to save and run all\n",
      "your Python programs:\n",
      "\n",
      "/tmp/py on Mac OS X\n",
      "/tmp/py on GNU/Linux\n",
      "C:\\py on Windows\n",
      "\n",
      "To create the above folder (for the operating system you are using), use the mkdir command in the terminal, for example, mkdir /tmp/py.\n",
      "IMPORTANT: Always ensure that you give it the file extension of .py, for example, foo.py.\n",
      "To run your Python program:\n",
      "\n",
      "Open a terminal window (see the previous Installation chapter on how to do that)\n",
      "Change directory to where you saved the file, for example, cd /tmp/py\n",
      "Run the program by entering the command python hello.py. The output is as shown below.\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python hello.py\n",
      "hello world\n",
      "\n",
      "If you got the output as shown above, congratulations! - you have successfully run your first Python program. You have successfully crossed the hardest part of learning programming, which is, getting started with your first program!\n",
      "In case you got an error, please type the above program exactly as shown above and run the program again. Note that Python is case-sensitive i.e. print is not the same as Print - note the lowercase p in the former and the uppercase P in the latter. Also, ensure there are no spaces or tabs before the first character in each line - we will see why this is important later.\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "A Python program is composed of statements. In our first program, we have only one statement. In this statement, we call the print statement to which we supply the text \"hello world\".\n",
      "Getting Help\n",
      "If you need quick information about any function or statement in Python, then you can use the built-in help functionality. This is very useful especially when using the interpreter prompt. For example, run help('len') - this displays the help for the len function which is used to count number of items.\n",
      "TIP: Press q to exit the help.\n",
      "Similarly, you can obtain information about almost anything in Python. Use help() to learn more about using help itself!\n",
      "In case you need to get help for operators like return, then you need to put those inside quotes such as help('return') so that Python doesn't get confused on what we're trying to do.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "You should now be able to write, save and run Python programs at ease.\n",
      "Now that you are a Python user, let's learn some more Python concepts.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1. the author of the amazing 'Beginning Perl' book ↩\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Basics\n",
      "Just printing hello world is not enough, is it? You want to do more than that - you want to take some input, manipulate it and get something out of it. We can achieve this in Python using constants and variables, and we'll learn some other concepts as well in this chapter.\n",
      "Comments\n",
      "Comments are any text to the right of the # symbol and is mainly useful as notes for the reader of the program.\n",
      "For example:\n",
      "print('hello world') # Note that print is a function\n",
      "\n",
      "or:\n",
      "# Note that print is a function\n",
      "print('hello world')\n",
      "\n",
      "Use as many useful comments as you can in your program to:\n",
      "\n",
      "explain assumptions\n",
      "explain important decisions\n",
      "explain important details\n",
      "explain problems you're trying to solve\n",
      "explain problems you're trying to overcome in your program, etc.\n",
      "\n",
      "Code tells you how, comments should tell you why.\n",
      "This is useful for readers of your program so that they can easily understand what the program is doing. Remember, that person can be yourself after six months!\n",
      "Literal Constants\n",
      "An example of a literal constant is a number like 5, 1.23, or a string like 'This is a string' or \"It's a string!\".\n",
      "It is called a literal because it is literal - you use its value literally. The number 2 always represents itself and nothing else - it is a constant because its value cannot be changed. Hence, all these are referred to as literal constants.\n",
      "Numbers\n",
      "Numbers are mainly of two types - integers and floats.\n",
      "An example of an integer is 2 which is just a whole number.\n",
      "Examples of floating point numbers (or floats for short) are 3.23 and 52.3E-4. The E notation indicates powers of 10. In this case, 52.3E-4 means 52.3 * 10^-4^.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Experienced Programmers\n",
      "There is no separate long type. The int type can be an integer of any size.\n",
      "\n",
      "Strings\n",
      "A string is a sequence of characters. Strings are basically just a bunch of words.\n",
      "You will be using strings in almost every Python program that you write, so pay attention to the following part.\n",
      "Single Quote\n",
      "You can specify strings using single quotes such as 'Quote me on this'.\n",
      "All white space i.e. spaces and tabs, within the quotes, are preserved as-is.\n",
      "Double Quotes\n",
      "Strings in double quotes work exactly the same way as strings in single quotes. An example is \"What's your name?\".\n",
      "Triple Quotes \n",
      "You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes - (\"\"\" or '''). You can use single quotes and double quotes freely within the triple quotes. An example is:\n",
      "'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.\n",
      "This is the second line.\n",
      "\"What's your name?,\" I asked.\n",
      "He said \"Bond, James Bond.\"\n",
      "'''\n",
      "\n",
      "Strings Are Immutable\n",
      "This means that once you have created a string, you cannot change it. Although this might seem like\n",
      "a bad thing, it really isn't. We will see why this is not a limitation in the various programs that\n",
      "we see later on.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C/C++ Programmers\n",
      "There is no separate char data type in Python. There is no real need for it and I am sure you won't miss it.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Perl/PHP Programmers\n",
      "Remember that single-quoted strings and double-quoted strings are the same - they do not differ in any way.\n",
      "\n",
      "The format method\n",
      "Sometimes we may want to construct strings from other information. This is where the format() method is useful.\n",
      "Save the following lines as a file str_format.py:\n",
      "age = 20\n",
      "name = 'Swaroop'\n",
      "\n",
      "print('{0} was {1} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))\n",
      "print('Why is {0} playing with that python?'.format(name))\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python str_format.py\n",
      "Swaroop was 20 years old when he wrote this book\n",
      "Why is Swaroop playing with that python?\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "A string can use certain specifications and subsequently, the format method can be called to substitute those specifications with corresponding arguments to the format method.\n",
      "Observe the first usage where we use {0} and this corresponds to the variable name which is the first argument to the format method. Similarly, the second specification is {1} corresponding to age which is the second argument to the format method. Note that Python starts counting from 0 which means that first position is at index 0, second position is at index 1, and so on.\n",
      "Notice that we could have achieved the same using string concatenation:\n",
      "name + ' is ' + str(age) + ' years old'\n",
      "\n",
      "but that is much uglier and error-prone. Second, the conversion to string would be done automatically by the format method instead of the explicit conversion to strings needed in this case. Third, when using the format method, we can change the message without having to deal with the variables used and vice-versa.\n",
      "Also note that the numbers are optional, so you could have also written as:\n",
      "age = 20\n",
      "name = 'Swaroop'\n",
      "\n",
      "print('{} was {} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))\n",
      "print('Why is {} playing with that python?'.format(name))\n",
      "\n",
      "which will give the same exact output as the previous program.\n",
      "What Python does in the format method is that it substitutes each argument value into the place of the specification. There can be more detailed specifications such as:\n",
      "# decimal (.) precision of 3 for float '0.333'\n",
      "print('{0:.3f}'.format(1.0/3))\n",
      "# fill with underscores (_) with the text centered\n",
      "# (^) to 11 width '___hello___'\n",
      "print('{0:_^11}'.format('hello'))\n",
      "# keyword-based 'Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python'\n",
      "print('{name} wrote {book}'.format(name='Swaroop', book='A Byte of Python'))\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "0.333\n",
      "___hello___\n",
      "Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python\n",
      "Since we are discussing formatting, note that print always ends with an invisible \"new line\" character (\\n) so that repeated calls to print will all print on a separate line each. To prevent this newline character from being printed, you can specify that it should end with a blank:\n",
      "print('a', end='')\n",
      "print('b', end='')\n",
      "\n",
      "Output is:\n",
      "ab\n",
      "Or you can end with a space:\n",
      "print('a', end=' ')\n",
      "print('b', end=' ')\n",
      "print('c')\n",
      "\n",
      "Output is:\n",
      "a b c\n",
      "Escape Sequences\n",
      "Suppose, you want to have a string which contains a single quote ('), how will you specify this string? For example, the string is \"What's your name?\". You cannot specify 'What's your name?' because Python will be confused as to where the string starts and ends. So, you will have to specify that this single quote does not indicate the end of the string. This can be done with the help of what is called an escape sequence. You specify the single quote as \\' : notice the backslash. Now, you can specify the string as 'What\\'s your name?'.\n",
      "Another way of specifying this specific string would be \"What's your name?\" i.e. using double quotes. Similarly, you have to use an escape sequence for using a double quote itself in a double quoted string. Also, you have to indicate the backslash itself using the escape sequence \\\\.\n",
      "What if you wanted to specify a two-line string? One way is to use a triple-quoted string as shown previously or you can use an escape sequence for the newline character - \\n to indicate the start of a new line. An example is:\n",
      "'This is the first line\\nThis is the second line'\n",
      "\n",
      "Another useful escape sequence to know is the tab: \\t. There are many more escape sequences but I have mentioned only the most useful ones here.\n",
      "One thing to note is that in a string, a single backslash at the end of the line indicates that the string is continued in the next line, but no newline is added. For example:\n",
      "\"This is the first sentence. \\\n",
      "This is the second sentence.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "is equivalent to\n",
      "\"This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "Raw String\n",
      "If you need to specify some strings where no special processing such as escape sequences are handled, then what you need is to specify a raw string by prefixing r or R to the string. An example is:\n",
      "r\"Newlines are indicated by \\n\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Regular Expression Users\n",
      "Always use raw strings when dealing with regular expressions. Otherwise, a lot of backwhacking may be required. For example, backreferences can be referred to as '\\\\1' or r'\\1'.\n",
      "\n",
      "Variable\n",
      "Using just literal constants can soon become boring - we need some way of storing any information and manipulate them as well. This is where variables come into the picture. Variables are exactly what the name implies - their value can vary, i.e., you can store anything using a variable. Variables are just parts of your computer's memory where you store some information. Unlike literal constants, you need some method of accessing these variables and hence you give them names.\n",
      "Identifier Naming\n",
      "Variables are examples of identifiers. Identifiers are names given to identify something. There are some rules you have to follow for naming identifiers:\n",
      "\n",
      "The first character of the identifier must be a letter of the alphabet (uppercase ASCII or lowercase ASCII or Unicode character) or an underscore (_).\n",
      "The rest of the identifier name can consist of letters (uppercase ASCII or lowercase ASCII or Unicode character), underscores (_) or digits (0-9).\n",
      "Identifier names are case-sensitive. For example, myname and myName are not the same. Note the lowercase n in the former and the uppercase N in the latter.\n",
      "Examples of valid identifier names are i, name_2_3. Examples of invalid identifier names are 2things, this is spaced out, my-name and >a1b2_c3.\n",
      "\n",
      "Data Types\n",
      "Variables can hold values of different types called data types. The basic types are numbers and strings, which we have already discussed. In later chapters, we will see how to create our own types using classes.\n",
      "Object\n",
      "Remember, Python refers to anything used in a program as an object.  This is meant in the generic sense. Instead of saying \"the something\"', we say \"the object\".\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Object Oriented Programming users:\n",
      "Python is strongly object-oriented in the sense that everything is an object including numbers, strings and functions.\n",
      "\n",
      "We will now see how to use variables along with literal constants. Save the following example and run the program.\n",
      "How to write Python programs\n",
      "Henceforth, the standard procedure to save and run a Python program is as follows:\n",
      "For PyCharm\n",
      "\n",
      "Open PyCharm.\n",
      "Create new file with the filename mentioned.\n",
      "Type the program code given in the example.\n",
      "Right-click and run the current file.\n",
      "\n",
      "NOTE: Whenever you have to provide command line arguments, click on Run -> Edit Configurations and type the arguments in the Script parameters: section and click the OK button:\n",
      "\n",
      "For other editors\n",
      "\n",
      "Open your editor of choice.\n",
      "Type the program code given in the example.\n",
      "Save it as a file with the filename mentioned.\n",
      "Run the interpreter with the command python program.py to run the program.\n",
      "\n",
      "Example: Using Variables And Literal Constants\n",
      "Type and run the following program:\n",
      "# Filename : var.py\n",
      "i = 5\n",
      "print(i)\n",
      "i = i + 1\n",
      "print(i)\n",
      "\n",
      "s = '''This is a multi-line string.\n",
      "This is the second line.'''\n",
      "print(s)\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "This is a multi-line string.\n",
      "This is the second line.\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here's how this program works. First, we assign the literal constant value 5 to the variable i using the assignment operator (=). This line is called a statement because it states that something should be done and in this case, we connect the variable name i to the value 5. Next, we print the value of i using the print statement which, unsurprisingly, just prints the value of the variable to the screen.\n",
      "Then we add 1 to the value stored in i and store it back. We then print it and expectedly, we get the value 6.\n",
      "Similarly, we assign the literal string to the variable s and then print it.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for static language programmers\n",
      "Variables are used by just assigning them a value. No declaration or data type definition is needed/used.\n",
      "\n",
      "Logical And Physical Line\n",
      "A physical line is what you see when you write the program. A logical line is what Python sees as a single statement. Python implicitly assumes that each physical line corresponds to a logical line.\n",
      "An example of a logical line is a statement like print 'hello world' - if this was on a line by itself (as you see it in an editor), then this also corresponds to a physical line.\n",
      "Implicitly, Python encourages the use of a single statement per line which makes code more readable.\n",
      "If you want to specify more than one logical line on a single physical line, then you have to explicitly specify this using a semicolon (;) which indicates the end of a logical line/statement. For example:\n",
      "i = 5\n",
      "print(i)\n",
      "\n",
      "is effectively same as\n",
      "i = 5;\n",
      "print(i);\n",
      "\n",
      "which is also same as\n",
      "i = 5; print(i);\n",
      "\n",
      "and same as\n",
      "i = 5; print(i)\n",
      "\n",
      "However, I strongly recommend that you stick to writing a maximum of a single logical line on each single physical line. The idea is that you should never use the semicolon. In fact, I have never used or even seen a semicolon in a Python program.\n",
      "There is one kind of situation where this concept is really useful: if you have a long line of code, you can break it into multiple physical lines by using the backslash. This is referred to as explicit line joining:\n",
      "s = 'This is a string. \\\n",
      "This continues the string.'\n",
      "print(s)\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "This is a string. This continues the string.\n",
      "Similarly,\n",
      "i = \\\n",
      "5\n",
      "\n",
      "is the same as\n",
      "i = 5\n",
      "\n",
      "Sometimes, there is an implicit assumption where you don't need to use a backslash. This is the case where the logical line has a starting parentheses, starting square brackets or a starting curly braces but not an ending one. This is called implicit line joining. You can see this in action when we write programs using list in later chapters.\n",
      "Indentation\n",
      "Whitespace is important in Python. Actually, whitespace at the beginning of the line is important. This is called indentation. Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning of the logical line is used to determine the indentation level of the logical line, which in turn is used to determine the grouping of statements.\n",
      "This means that statements which go together must have the same indentation. Each such set of statements is called a block. We will see examples of how blocks are important in later chapters.\n",
      "One thing you should remember is that wrong indentation can give rise to errors. For example:\n",
      "i = 5\n",
      "# Error below! Notice a single space at the start of the line\n",
      " print('Value is', i)\n",
      "print('I repeat, the value is', i)\n",
      "\n",
      "When you run this, you get the following error:\n",
      "  File \"whitespace.py\", line 3\n",
      "    print('Value is', i)\n",
      "    ^\n",
      "IndentationError: unexpected indent\n",
      "Notice that there is a single space at the beginning of the second line. The error indicated by Python tells us that the syntax of the program is invalid i.e. the program was not properly written. What this means to you is that you cannot arbitrarily start new blocks of statements (except for the default main block which you have been using all along, of course). Cases where you can use new blocks will be detailed in later chapters such as the control flow.\n",
      "\n",
      "How to indent\n",
      "Use four spaces for indentation. This is the official Python language recommendation. Good editors will automatically do this for you. Make sure you use a consistent number of spaces for indentation, otherwise your program will not run or will have unexpected behavior.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Note to static language programmers\n",
      "Python will always use indentation for blocks and will never use braces. Run from __future__ import braces to learn more.\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "Now that we have gone through many nitty-gritty details, we can move on to more interesting stuff such as control flow statements. Be sure to become comfortable with what you have read in this chapter.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Operators and Expressions \n",
      "Most statements (logical lines) that you write will contain expressions. A simple example of an expression is 2 + 3. An expression can be broken down into operators and operands.\n",
      "Operators are functionality that do something and can be represented by symbols such as + or by special keywords. Operators require some data to operate on and such data is called operands. In this case, 2 and 3 are the operands.\n",
      "Operators\n",
      "We will briefly take a look at the operators and their usage.\n",
      "Note that you can evaluate the expressions given in the examples using the interpreter interactively. For example, to test the expression 2 + 3, use the interactive Python interpreter prompt:\n",
      ">>> 2 + 3\n",
      "5\n",
      ">>> 3 * 5\n",
      "15\n",
      ">>>\n",
      "\n",
      "Here is a quick overview of the available operators:\n",
      "\n",
      "+ (plus)\n",
      "\n",
      "Adds two objects\n",
      "3 + 5 gives 8. 'a' + 'b' gives 'ab'.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "- (minus)\n",
      "\n",
      "Gives the subtraction of one number from the other; if the first operand is absent it is assumed to be zero.\n",
      "-5.2 gives a negative number and 50 - 24 gives 26.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "* (multiply)\n",
      "\n",
      "Gives the multiplication of the two numbers or returns the string repeated that many times.\n",
      "2 * 3 gives 6. 'la' * 3 gives 'lalala'.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "** (power)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns x to the power of y\n",
      "3 ** 4 gives 81 (i.e. 3 * 3 * 3 * 3)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "/ (divide)\n",
      "\n",
      "Divide x by y\n",
      "13 / 3 gives 4.333333333333333\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "// (divide and floor)\n",
      "\n",
      "Divide x by y and round the answer down to the nearest whole number\n",
      "13 // 3 gives 4\n",
      "-13 // 3 gives -5\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "% (modulo)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns the remainder of the division\n",
      "13 % 3 gives 1. -25.5 % 2.25 gives 1.5.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "<< (left shift)\n",
      "\n",
      "Shifts the bits of the number to the left by the number of bits specified. (Each number is represented in memory by bits or binary digits i.e. 0 and 1)\n",
      "2 << 2 gives 8. 2 is represented by 10 in bits.\n",
      "Left shifting by 2 bits gives 1000 which represents the decimal 8.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      ">> (right shift)\n",
      "\n",
      "Shifts the bits of the number to the right by the number of bits specified.\n",
      "11 >> 1 gives 5.\n",
      "11 is represented in bits by 1011 which when right shifted by 1 bit gives 101which is the decimal 5.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "& (bit-wise AND)\n",
      "\n",
      "Bit-wise AND of the numbers\n",
      "5 & 3 gives 1.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "| (bit-wise OR)\n",
      "\n",
      "Bitwise OR of the numbers\n",
      "5 | 3 gives 7\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "^ (bit-wise XOR)\n",
      "\n",
      "Bitwise XOR of the numbers\n",
      "5 ^ 3 gives 6\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "~ (bit-wise invert)\n",
      "\n",
      "The bit-wise inversion of x is -(x+1)\n",
      "~5 gives -6. More details at http://stackoverflow.com/a/11810203\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "< (less than)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns whether x is less than y. All comparison operators return True or False. Note the capitalization of these names.\n",
      "5 < 3 gives False and 3 < 5 gives True.\n",
      "Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily: 3 < 5 < 7 gives True.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "> (greater than)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns whether x is greater than y\n",
      "5 > 3 returns True. If both operands are numbers, they are first converted to a common type. Otherwise, it always returns False.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "<= (less than or equal to)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns whether x is less than or equal to y\n",
      "x = 3; y = 6; x <= y returns True\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      ">= (greater than or equal to)\n",
      "\n",
      "Returns whether x is greater than or equal to y\n",
      "x = 4; y = 3; x >= 3 returns True\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "== (equal to)\n",
      "\n",
      "Compares if the objects are equal\n",
      "x = 2; y = 2; x == y returns True\n",
      "x = 'str'; y = 'stR'; x == y returns False\n",
      "x = 'str'; y = 'str'; x == y returns True\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "!= (not equal to)\n",
      "\n",
      "Compares if the objects are not equal\n",
      "x = 2; y = 3; x != y returns True\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "not (boolean NOT)\n",
      "\n",
      "If x is True, it returns False. If x is False, it returns True.\n",
      "x = True; not x returns False.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "and (boolean AND)\n",
      "\n",
      "x and y returns False if x is False, else it returns evaluation of y\n",
      "x = False; y = True; x and y returns False since x is False. In this case, Python will not evaluate y since it knows that the left hand side of the 'and' expression is False which implies that the whole expression will be False irrespective of the other values. This is called short-circuit evaluation.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "or (boolean OR)\n",
      "\n",
      "If x is True, it returns True, else it returns evaluation of y\n",
      "x = True; y = False; x or y returns True. Short-circuit evaluation applies here as well.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Shortcut for math operation and assignment\n",
      "It is common to run a math operation on a variable and then assign the result of the operation back to the variable, hence there is a shortcut for such expressions:\n",
      "a = 2\n",
      "a = a * 3\n",
      "\n",
      "can be written as:\n",
      "a = 2\n",
      "a *= 3\n",
      "\n",
      "Notice that var = var operation expression becomes var operation= expression.\n",
      "Evaluation Order\n",
      "If you had an expression such as 2 + 3 * 4, is the addition done first or the multiplication? Our high school maths tells us that the multiplication should be done first. This means that the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.\n",
      "The following table gives the precedence table for Python, from the lowest precedence (least binding) to the highest precedence (most binding). This means that in a given expression, Python will first evaluate the operators and expressions lower in the table before the ones listed higher in the table.\n",
      "The following table, taken from the Python reference manual, is provided for the sake of completeness. It is far better to use parentheses to group operators and operands appropriately in order to explicitly specify the precedence. This makes the program more readable. See Changing the Order of Evaluation below for details.\n",
      "\n",
      "lambda : Lambda Expression\n",
      "if - else : Conditional expression\n",
      "or : Boolean OR\n",
      "and : Boolean AND\n",
      "not x : Boolean NOT\n",
      "in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, == : Comparisons, including membership tests and identity tests\n",
      "| : Bitwise OR\n",
      "^ : Bitwise XOR\n",
      "& : Bitwise AND\n",
      "<<, >> : Shifts\n",
      "+, - : Addition and subtraction\n",
      "*, /, //, % : Multiplication, Division, Floor Division and Remainder\n",
      "+x, -x, ~x : Positive, Negative, bitwise NOT\n",
      "** : Exponentiation\n",
      "x[index], x[index:index], x(arguments...), x.attribute : Subscription, slicing, call, attribute reference\n",
      "(expressions...), [expressions...], {key: value...}, {expressions...} : Binding or tuple display, list display, dictionary display, set display\n",
      "\n",
      "The operators which we have not already come across will be explained in later chapters.\n",
      "Operators with the same precedence are listed in the same row in the above table. For example, + and - have the same precedence.\n",
      "Changing the Order Of Evaluation \n",
      "To make the expressions more readable, we can use parentheses. For example, 2 + (3 * 4) is definitely easier to understand than 2 + 3 * 4 which requires knowledge of the operator precedences. As with everything else, the parentheses should be used reasonably (do not overdo it) and should not be redundant, as in (2 + (3 * 4)).\n",
      "There is an additional advantage to using parentheses - it helps us to change the order of evaluation. For example, if you want addition to be evaluated before multiplication in an expression, then you can write something like (2 + 3) * 4.\n",
      "Associativity\n",
      "Operators are usually associated from left to right. This means that operators with the same precedence are evaluated in a left to right manner. For example, 2 + 3 + 4 is evaluated as (2 + 3) + 4.\n",
      "Expressions\n",
      "Example (save as expression.py):\n",
      "length = 5\n",
      "breadth = 2\n",
      "\n",
      "area = length * breadth\n",
      "print('Area is', area)\n",
      "print('Perimeter is', 2 * (length + breadth))\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python expression.py\n",
      "Area is 10\n",
      "Perimeter is 14\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The length and breadth of the rectangle are stored in variables by the same name. We use these to calculate the area and perimeter of the rectangle with the help of expressions. We store the result of the expression length * breadth in the variable area and then print it using the print function. In the second case, we directly use the value of the expression 2 * (length + breadth) in the print function.\n",
      "Also, notice how Python pretty-prints the output. Even though we have not specified a space between 'Area is' and the variable area, Python puts it for us so that we get a clean nice output and the program is much more readable this way (since we don't need to worry about spacing in the strings we use for output). This is an example of how Python makes life easy for the programmer.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have seen how to use operators, operands and expressions - these are the basic building blocks of any program. Next, we will see how to make use of these in our programs using statements.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Control Flow \n",
      "In the programs we have seen till now, there has always been a series of statements faithfully executed by Python in exact top-down order. What if you wanted to change the flow of how it works? For example, you want the program to take some decisions and do different things depending on different situations, such as printing 'Good Morning' or 'Good Evening' depending on the time of the day?\n",
      "As you might have guessed, this is achieved using control flow statements. There are three control flow statements in Python - if, for and while.\n",
      "The if statement\n",
      "The if statement is used to check a condition: if the condition is true, we run a block of statements (called the if-block), else we process another block of statements (called the else-block). The else clause is optional.\n",
      "Example (save as if.py):\n",
      "\n",
      "number = 23\n",
      "guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))\n",
      "\n",
      "if guess == number:\n",
      "    # New block starts here\n",
      "    print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n",
      "    print('(but you do not win any prizes!)')\n",
      "    # New block ends here\n",
      "elif guess < number:\n",
      "    # Another block\n",
      "    print('No, it is a little higher than that')\n",
      "    # You can do whatever you want in a block ...\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('No, it is a little lower than that')\n",
      "    # you must have guessed > number to reach here\n",
      "\n",
      "print('Done')\n",
      "# This last statement is always executed,\n",
      "# after the if statement is executed.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python if.py\n",
      "Enter an integer : 50\n",
      "No, it is a little lower than that\n",
      "Done\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python if.py\n",
      "Enter an integer : 22\n",
      "No, it is a little higher than that\n",
      "Done\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python if.py\n",
      "Enter an integer : 23\n",
      "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n",
      "(but you do not win any prizes!)\n",
      "Done\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "In this program, we take guesses from the user and check if it is the number that we have. We set the variable number to any integer we want, say 23. Then, we take the user's guess using the input() function. Functions are just reusable pieces of programs. We'll read more about them in the next chapter.\n",
      "We supply a string to the built-in input function which prints it to the screen and waits for input from the user. Once we enter something and press kbd:[enter] key, the input() function returns what we entered, as a string. We then convert this string to an integer using int and then store it in the variable guess. Actually, the int is a class but all you need to know right now is that you can use it to convert a string to an integer (assuming the string contains a valid integer in the text).\n",
      "Next, we compare the guess of the user with the number we have chosen. If they are equal, we print a success message. Notice that we use indentation levels to tell Python which statements belong to which block. This is why indentation is so important in Python. I hope you are sticking to the \"consistent indentation\" rule. Are you?\n",
      "Notice how the if statement contains a colon at the end - we are indicating to Python that a block of statements follows.\n",
      "Then, we check if the guess is less than the number, and if so, we inform the user that they must guess a little higher than that. What we have used here is the elif clause which actually combines two related if else-if else statements into one combined if-elif-else statement. This makes the program easier and reduces the amount of indentation required.\n",
      "The elif and else statements must also have a colon at the end of the logical line followed by their corresponding block of statements (with proper indentation, of course)\n",
      "You can have another if statement inside the if-block of an if statement and so on - this is called a nested if statement.\n",
      "Remember that the elif and else parts are optional. A minimal valid if statement is:\n",
      "if True:\n",
      "    print('Yes, it is true')\n",
      "\n",
      "After Python has finished executing the complete if statement along with the associated elif and else clauses, it moves on to the next statement in the block containing the if statement. In this case, it is the main block (where execution of the program starts), and the next statement is the print('Done') statement. After this, Python sees the ends of the program and simply finishes up.\n",
      "Even though this is a very simple program, I have been pointing out a lot of things that you should notice. All these are pretty straightforward (and surprisingly simple for those of you from C/C++ backgrounds). You will need to become aware of all these things initially, but after some practice you will become comfortable with them, and it will all feel 'natural' to you.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C/C++ Programmers\n",
      "There is no switch statement in Python. You can use an if..elif..else statement to do the same thing (and in some cases, use a dictionary to do it quickly)\n",
      "\n",
      "The while Statement\n",
      "The while statement allows you to repeatedly execute a block of statements as long as a condition is true. A while statement is an example of what is called a looping statement. A while statement can have an optional else clause.\n",
      "Example (save as while.py):\n",
      "number = 23\n",
      "running = True\n",
      "\n",
      "while running:\n",
      "    guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))\n",
      "\n",
      "    if guess == number:\n",
      "        print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n",
      "        # this causes the while loop to stop\n",
      "        running = False\n",
      "    elif guess < number:\n",
      "        print('No, it is a little higher than that.')\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        print('No, it is a little lower than that.')\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('The while loop is over.')\n",
      "    # Do anything else you want to do here\n",
      "\n",
      "print('Done')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python while.py\n",
      "Enter an integer : 50\n",
      "No, it is a little lower than that.\n",
      "Enter an integer : 22\n",
      "No, it is a little higher than that.\n",
      "Enter an integer : 23\n",
      "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n",
      "The while loop is over.\n",
      "Done\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "In this program, we are still playing the guessing game, but the advantage is that the user is allowed to keep guessing until he guesses correctly - there is no need to repeatedly run the program for each guess, as we have done in the previous section. This aptly demonstrates the use of the while statement.\n",
      "We move the input and if statements to inside the while loop and set the variable running to True before the while loop. First, we check if the variable running is True and then proceed to execute the corresponding while-block. After this block is executed, the condition is again checked which in this case is the running variable. If it is true, we execute the while-block again, else we continue to execute the optional else-block and then continue to the next statement.\n",
      "The else block is executed when the while loop condition becomes False - this may even be the first time that the condition is checked. If there is an else clause for a while loop, it is always executed unless you break out of the loop with a break statement.\n",
      "The True and False are called Boolean types and you can consider them to be equivalent to the value 1 and 0 respectively.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C/C++ Programmers\n",
      "Remember that you can have an else clause for the while loop.\n",
      "\n",
      "The for loop\n",
      "The for..in statement is another looping statement which iterates over a sequence of objects i.e. go through each item in a sequence. We will see more about sequences in detail in later chapters. What you need to know right now is that a sequence is just an ordered collection of items.\n",
      "Example (save as for.py):\n",
      "for i in range(1, 5):\n",
      "    print(i)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('The for loop is over')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python for.py\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "The for loop is over\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "In this program, we are printing a sequence of numbers. We generate this sequence of numbers using the built-in range function.\n",
      "What we do here is supply it two numbers and range returns a sequence of numbers starting from the first number and up to the second number. For example, range(1,5) gives the sequence [1, 2, 3, 4]. By default, range takes a step count of 1. If we supply a third number to range, then that becomes the step count. For example, range(1,5,2) gives [1,3]. Remember that the range extends up to the second number i.e. it does not include the second number.\n",
      "Note that range() generates only one number at a time, if you want the full list of numbers, call list() on the range(), for example, list(range(5)) will result in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]. Lists are explained in the data structures chapter.\n",
      "The for loop then iterates over this range - for i in range(1,5) is equivalent to for i in [1, 2, 3, 4] which is like assigning each number (or object) in the sequence to i, one at a time, and then executing the block of statements for each value of i.  In this case, we just print the value in the block of statements.\n",
      "Remember that the else part is optional. When included, it is always executed once after the for loop is over unless a break statement is encountered.\n",
      "Remember that the for..in loop works for any sequence. Here, we have a list of numbers generated by the built-in range function, but in general we can use any kind of sequence of any kind of objects! We will explore this idea in detail in later chapters.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C/C++/Java/C# Programmers\n",
      "The Python for loop is radically different from the C/C++ for loop. C# programmers will note that the for loop in Python is similar to the foreach loop in C#. Java programmers will note that the same is similar to for (int i : IntArray) in Java 1.5.\n",
      "In C/C++, if you want to write for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++), then in Python you write just for i in range(0,5). As you can see, the for loop is simpler, more expressive and less error prone in Python.\n",
      "\n",
      "The break Statement \n",
      "The break statement is used to break out of a loop statement i.e. stop the execution of a looping statement, even if the loop condition has not become False or the sequence of items has not been completely iterated over.\n",
      "An important note is that if you break out of a for or while loop, any corresponding loop else block is not executed.\n",
      "Example (save as break.py):\n",
      "while True:\n",
      "    s = input('Enter something : ')\n",
      "    if s == 'quit':\n",
      "        break\n",
      "    print('Length of the string is', len(s))\n",
      "print('Done')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python break.py\n",
      "Enter something : Programming is fun\n",
      "Length of the string is 18\n",
      "Enter something : When the work is done\n",
      "Length of the string is 21\n",
      "Enter something : if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
      "Length of the string is 37\n",
      "Enter something : use Python!\n",
      "Length of the string is 11\n",
      "Enter something : quit\n",
      "Done\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "In this program, we repeatedly take the user's input and print the length of each input each\n",
      "time. We are providing a special condition to stop the program by checking if the user input is\n",
      "'quit'. We stop the program by breaking out of the loop and reach the end of the program.\n",
      "The length of the input string can be found out using the built-in len function.\n",
      "Remember that the break statement can be used with the for loop as well.\n",
      "Swaroop's Poetic Python\n",
      "The input I have used here is a mini poem I have written:\n",
      "Programming is fun\n",
      "When the work is done\n",
      "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
      "    use Python!\n",
      "The continue Statement \n",
      "The continue statement is used to tell Python to skip the rest of the statements in the current loop block and to continue to the next iteration of the loop.\n",
      "Example (save as continue.py):\n",
      "while True:\n",
      "    s = input('Enter something : ')\n",
      "    if s == 'quit':\n",
      "        break\n",
      "    if len(s) < 3:\n",
      "        print('Too small')\n",
      "        continue\n",
      "    print('Input is of sufficient length')\n",
      "    # Do other kinds of processing here...\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python continue.py\n",
      "Enter something : a\n",
      "Too small\n",
      "Enter something : 12\n",
      "Too small\n",
      "Enter something : abc\n",
      "Input is of sufficient length\n",
      "Enter something : quit\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "In this program, we accept input from the user, but we process the input string only if it is at least 3 characters long. So, we use the built-in len function to get the length and if the length is less than 3, we skip the rest of the statements in the block by using the continue statement. Otherwise, the rest of the statements in the loop are executed, doing any kind of processing we want to do here.\n",
      "Note that the continue statement works with the for loop as well.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have seen how to use the three control flow statements - if, while and for along with their associated break and continue statements. These are some of the most commonly used parts of Python and hence, becoming comfortable with them is essential.\n",
      "Next, we will see how to create and use functions.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Functions\n",
      "Functions are reusable pieces of programs. They allow you to give a name to a block of statements, allowing you to run that block using the specified name anywhere in your program and any number of times. This is known as calling the function. We have already used many built-in functions such as len and range.\n",
      "The function concept is probably the most important building block of any non-trivial software (in any programming language), so we will explore various aspects of functions in this chapter.\n",
      "Functions are defined using the def keyword. After this keyword comes an identifier name for the function, followed by a pair of parentheses which may enclose some names of variables, and by the final colon that ends the line. Next follows the block of statements that are part of this function. An example will show that this is actually very simple:\n",
      "Example (save as function1.py):\n",
      "def say_hello():\n",
      "    # block belonging to the function\n",
      "    print('hello world')\n",
      "# End of function\n",
      "\n",
      "say_hello()  # call the function\n",
      "say_hello()  # call the function again\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function1.py\n",
      "hello world\n",
      "hello world\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We define a function called say_hello using the syntax as explained above. This function takes no parameters and hence there are no variables declared in the parentheses. Parameters to functions are just input to the function so that we can pass in different values to it and get back corresponding results.\n",
      "Notice that we can call the same function twice which means we do not have to write the same code again.\n",
      "Function Parameters\n",
      "A function can take parameters, which are values you supply to the function so that the function\n",
      "can do something utilising those values. These parameters are just like variables except that the\n",
      "values of these variables are defined when we call the function and are already assigned values\n",
      "when the function runs.\n",
      "Parameters are specified within the pair of parentheses in the function definition, separated by\n",
      "commas. When we call the function, we supply the values in the same way.  Note the terminology\n",
      "used - the names given in the function definition are called parameters whereas the values you\n",
      "supply in the function call are called arguments.\n",
      "Example (save as function_param.py):\n",
      "def print_max(a, b):\n",
      "    if a > b:\n",
      "        print(a, 'is maximum')\n",
      "    elif a == b:\n",
      "        print(a, 'is equal to', b)\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        print(b, 'is maximum')\n",
      "\n",
      "# directly pass literal values\n",
      "print_max(3, 4)\n",
      "\n",
      "x = 5\n",
      "y = 7\n",
      "\n",
      "# pass variables as arguments\n",
      "print_max(x, y)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_param.py\n",
      "4 is maximum\n",
      "7 is maximum\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here, we define a function called print_max that uses two parameters called a and b.  We find out the greater number using a simple if..else statement and then print the bigger number.\n",
      "The first time we call the function print_max, we directly supply the numbers as arguments. In the second case, we call the function with variables as arguments. print_max(x, y) causes the value of argument x to be assigned to parameter a and the value of argument y to be assigned to parameter b. The print_max function works the same way in both cases.\n",
      "Local Variables\n",
      "When you declare variables inside a function definition, they are not related in any way to other variables with the same names used outside the function - i.e. variable names are local to the function. This is called the scope of the variable. All variables have the scope of the block they are declared in starting from the point of definition of the name.\n",
      "Example (save as function_local.py):\n",
      "x = 50\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def func(x):\n",
      "    print('x is', x)\n",
      "    x = 2\n",
      "    print('Changed local x to', x)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "func(x)\n",
      "print('x is still', x)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_local.py\n",
      "x is 50\n",
      "Changed local x to 2\n",
      "x is still 50\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The first time that we print the value of the name x with the first line in the function's body, Python uses the value of the parameter declared in the main block, above the function definition.\n",
      "Next, we assign the value 2 to x. The name x is local to our function.  So, when we change the value of x in the function, the x defined in the main block remains unaffected.\n",
      "With the last print statement, we display the value of x as defined in the main block, thereby confirming that it is actually unaffected by the local assignment within the previously called function.\n",
      "The global statement \n",
      "If you want to assign a value to a name defined at the top level of the program (i.e. not inside any kind of scope such as functions or classes), then you have to tell Python that the name is not local, but it is global. We do this using the global statement. It is impossible to assign a value to a variable defined outside a function without the global statement.\n",
      "You can use the values of such variables defined outside the function (assuming there is no variable with the same name within the function). However, this is not encouraged and should be avoided since it becomes unclear to the reader of the program as to where that variable's definition is. Using the global statement makes it amply clear that the variable is defined in an outermost block.\n",
      "Example (save as function_global.py):\n",
      "x = 50\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def func():\n",
      "    global x\n",
      "\n",
      "    print('x is', x)\n",
      "    x = 2\n",
      "    print('Changed global x to', x)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "func()\n",
      "print('Value of x is', x)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_global.py\n",
      "x is 50\n",
      "Changed global x to 2\n",
      "Value of x is 2\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The global statement is used to declare that x is a global variable - hence, when we assign a value to x inside the function, that change is reflected when we use the value of x in the main block.\n",
      "You can specify more than one global variable using the same global statement e.g. global x, y, z.\n",
      "Default Argument Values \n",
      "For some functions, you may want to make some parameters optional and use default values in case the user does not want to provide values for them. This is done with the help of default argument values. You can specify default argument values for parameters by appending to the parameter name in the function definition the assignment operator (=) followed by the default value.\n",
      "Note that the default argument value should be a constant. More precisely, the default argument value should be immutable - this is explained in detail in later chapters. For now, just remember this.\n",
      "Example (save as function_default.py):\n",
      "def say(message, times=1):\n",
      "    print(message * times)\n",
      "\n",
      "say('Hello')\n",
      "say('World', 5)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_default.py\n",
      "Hello\n",
      "WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The function named say is used to print a string as many times as specified. If we don't supply a value, then by default, the string is printed just once. We achieve this by specifying a default argument value of 1 to the parameter times.\n",
      "In the first usage of say, we supply only the string and it prints the string once. In the second usage of say, we supply both the string and an argument 5 stating that we want to say the string message 5 times.\n",
      "\n",
      "CAUTION\n",
      "Only those parameters which are at the end of the parameter list can be given default argument\n",
      "values i.e. you cannot have a parameter with a default argument value preceding a parameter without\n",
      "a default argument value in the function's parameter list.\n",
      "This is because the values are assigned to the parameters by position. For example,def func(a,\n",
      "b=5) is valid, but def func(a=5, b) is not valid.\n",
      "\n",
      "Keyword Arguments\n",
      "If you have some functions with many parameters and you want to specify only some of them, then you can give values for such parameters by naming them - this is called keyword arguments - we use the name (keyword) instead of the position (which we have been using all along) to specify the arguments to the function.\n",
      "There are two advantages - one, using the function is easier since we do not need to worry about the order of the arguments. Two, we can give values to only those parameters to which we want to, provided that the other parameters have default argument values.\n",
      "Example (save as function_keyword.py):\n",
      "def func(a, b=5, c=10):\n",
      "    print('a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c)\n",
      "\n",
      "func(3, 7)\n",
      "func(25, c=24)\n",
      "func(c=50, a=100)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_keyword.py\n",
      "a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10\n",
      "a is 25 and b is 5 and c is 24\n",
      "a is 100 and b is 5 and c is 50\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The function named func has one parameter without a default argument value, followed by two parameters with default argument values.\n",
      "In the first usage, func(3, 7), the parameter a gets the value 3, the parameter b gets the value 7 and c gets the default value of 10.\n",
      "In the second usage func(25, c=24), the variable a gets the value of 25 due to the position of the argument. Then, the parameter c gets the value of 24 due to naming i.e. keyword arguments. The variable b gets the default value of 5.\n",
      "In the third usage func(c=50, a=100), we use keyword arguments for all specified values. Notice that we are specifying the value for parameter c before that for a even though a is defined before c in the function definition.\n",
      "VarArgs parameters\n",
      "Sometimes you might want to define a function that can take any number of parameters, i.e. variable number of arguments, this can be achieved by using the stars (save as function_varargs.py):\n",
      "def total(a=5, *numbers, **phonebook):\n",
      "    print('a', a)\n",
      "\n",
      "    #iterate through all the items in tuple\n",
      "    for single_item in numbers:\n",
      "        print('single_item', single_item)\n",
      "\n",
      "    #iterate through all the items in dictionary    \n",
      "    for first_part, second_part in phonebook.items():\n",
      "        print(first_part,second_part)\n",
      "\n",
      "print(total(10,1,2,3,Jack=1123,John=2231,Inge=1560))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_varargs.py\n",
      "a 10\n",
      "single_item 1\n",
      "single_item 2\n",
      "single_item 3\n",
      "Inge 1560\n",
      "John 2231\n",
      "Jack 1123\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "When we declare a starred parameter such as *param, then all the positional arguments from that point till the end are collected as a tuple called 'param'.\n",
      "Similarly, when we declare a double-starred parameter such as **param, then all the keyword arguments from that point till the end are collected as a dictionary called 'param'.\n",
      "We will explore tuples and dictionaries in a later chapter.\n",
      "The return statement \n",
      "The return statement is used to return from a function i.e. break out of the function. We can optionally return a value from the function as well.\n",
      "Example (save as function_return.py):\n",
      "def maximum(x, y):\n",
      "    if x > y:\n",
      "        return x\n",
      "    elif x == y:\n",
      "        return 'The numbers are equal'\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        return y\n",
      "\n",
      "print(maximum(2, 3))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_return.py\n",
      "3\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The maximum function returns the maximum of the parameters, in this case the numbers supplied to the function. It uses a simple if..else statement to find the greater value and then returns that value.\n",
      "Note that a return statement without a value is equivalent to return None. None is a special type in Python that represents nothingness. For example, it is used to indicate that a variable has no value if it has a value of None.\n",
      "Every function implicitly contains a return None statement at the end unless you have written your own return statement. You can see this by running print(some_function()) where the function some_function does not use the return statement such as:\n",
      "def some_function():\n",
      "    pass\n",
      "\n",
      "The pass statement is used in Python to indicate an empty block of statements.\n",
      "\n",
      "TIP: There is a built-in function called max that already implements the 'find maximum' functionality, so use this built-in function whenever possible.\n",
      "\n",
      "DocStrings\n",
      "Python has a nifty feature called documentation strings, usually referred to by its shorter name docstrings. DocStrings are an important tool that you should make use of since it helps to document the program better and makes it easier to understand. Amazingly, we can even get the docstring back from, say a function, when the program is actually running!\n",
      "Example (save as function_docstring.py):\n",
      "def print_max(x, y):\n",
      "    '''Prints the maximum of two numbers.\n",
      "\n",
      "    The two values must be integers.'''\n",
      "    # convert to integers, if possible\n",
      "    x = int(x)\n",
      "    y = int(y)\n",
      "\n",
      "    if x > y:\n",
      "        print(x, 'is maximum')\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        print(y, 'is maximum')\n",
      "\n",
      "print_max(3, 5)\n",
      "print(print_max.__doc__)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python function_docstring.py\n",
      "5 is maximum\n",
      "Prints the maximum of two numbers.\n",
      "\n",
      "    The two values must be integers.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "A string on the first logical line of a function is the docstring for that function. Note that DocStrings also apply to modules and classes which we will learn about in the respective chapters.\n",
      "The convention followed for a docstring is a multi-line string where the first line starts with a capital letter and ends with a dot. Then the second line is blank followed by any detailed explanation starting from the third line. You are strongly advised to follow this convention for all your docstrings for all your non-trivial functions.\n",
      "We can access the docstring of the print_max function using the __doc__ (notice the double underscores) attribute (name belonging to) of the function. Just remember that Python treats everything as an object and this includes functions. We'll learn more about objects in the chapter on classes.\n",
      "If you have used help() in Python, then you have already seen the usage of docstrings! What it does is just fetch the __doc__ attribute of that function and displays it in a neat manner for you. You can try it out on the function above - just include help(print_max) in your program. Remember to press the q key to exit help.\n",
      "Automated tools can retrieve the documentation from your program in this manner. Therefore, I strongly recommend that you use docstrings for any non-trivial function that you write. The pydoc command that comes with your Python distribution works similarly to help() using docstrings.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have seen so many aspects of functions but note that we still haven't covered all aspects of them. However, we have already covered most of what you'll use regarding Python functions on an everyday basis.\n",
      "Next, we will see how to use as well as create Python modules.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Modules\n",
      "You have seen how you can reuse code in your program by defining functions once. What if you wanted to reuse a number of functions in other programs that you write? As you might have guessed, the answer is modules.\n",
      "There are various methods of writing modules, but the simplest way is to create a file with a .py extension that contains functions and variables.\n",
      "Another method is to write the modules in the native language in which the Python interpreter itself was written. For example, you can write modules in the C programming language and when compiled, they can be used from your Python code when using the standard Python interpreter.\n",
      "A module can be imported by another program to make use of its functionality. This is how we can use the Python standard library as well. First, we will see how to use the standard library modules.\n",
      "Example (save as module_using_sys.py):\n",
      "import sys\n",
      "\n",
      "print('The command line arguments are:')\n",
      "for i in sys.argv:\n",
      "    print(i)\n",
      "\n",
      "print('\\n\\nThe PYTHONPATH is', sys.path, '\\n')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python module_using_sys.py we are arguments\n",
      "The command line arguments are:\n",
      "module_using_sys.py\n",
      "we\n",
      "are\n",
      "arguments\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "The PYTHONPATH is ['/tmp/py',\n",
      "# many entries here, not shown here\n",
      "'/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages',\n",
      "'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages']\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "First, we import the sys module using the import statement. Basically, this translates to us telling Python that we want to use this module. The sys module contains functionality related to the Python interpreter and its environment i.e. the system.\n",
      "When Python executes the import sys statement, it looks for the sys module. In this case, it is one of the built-in modules, and hence Python knows where to find it.\n",
      "If it was not a compiled module i.e. a module written in Python, then the Python interpreter will search for it in the directories listed in its sys.path variable. If the module is found, then the statements in the body of that module are run and the module is made available for you to use. Note that the initialization is done only the first time that we import a module.\n",
      "The argv variable in the sys module is accessed using the dotted notation i.e. sys.argv. It clearly indicates that this name is part of the sys module. Another advantage of this approach is that the name does not clash with any argv variable used in your program.\n",
      "The sys.argv variable is a list of strings (lists are explained in detail in a later chapter. Specifically, the sys.argv contains the list of command line arguments i.e. the arguments passed to your program using the command line.\n",
      "If you are using an IDE to write and run these programs, look for a way to specify command line arguments to the program in the menus.\n",
      "Here, when we execute python module_using_sys.py we are arguments, we run the module module_using_sys.py with the python command and the other things that follow are arguments passed to the program. Python stores the command line arguments in the sys.argv variable for us to use.\n",
      "Remember, the name of the script running is always the first element in the sys.argv list. So, in this case we will have 'module_using_sys.py' as sys.argv[0], 'we' as sys.argv[1], 'are' as sys.argv[2] and 'arguments' as sys.argv[3]. Notice that Python starts counting from 0 and not 1.\n",
      "The sys.path contains the list of directory names where modules are imported from. Observe that the first string in sys.path is empty - this empty string indicates that the current directory is also part of the sys.path which is same as the PYTHONPATH environment variable. This means that you can directly import modules located in the current directory. Otherwise, you will have to place your module in one of the directories listed in sys.path.\n",
      "Note that the current directory is the directory from which the program is launched. Run import os; print(os.getcwd()) to find out the current directory of your program.\n",
      "Byte-compiled .pyc files \n",
      "Importing a module is a relatively costly affair, so Python does some tricks to make it faster. One way is to create byte-compiled files with the extension .pyc which is an intermediate form that Python transforms the program into (remember the introduction section on how Python works?). This .pyc file is useful when you import the module the next time from a different program - it will be much faster since a portion of the processing required in importing a module is already done. Also, these byte-compiled files are platform-independent.\n",
      "NOTE: These .pyc files are usually created in the same directory as the corresponding .py files. If Python does not have permission to write to files in that directory, then the .pyc files will not be created.\n",
      "The from..import statement \n",
      "If you want to directly import the argv variable into your program (to avoid typing the sys. everytime for it), then you can use the from sys import argv statement.\n",
      "\n",
      "WARNING: In general, avoid using the from..import statement, use the import statement instead. This is because your program will avoid name clashes and will be more readable.\n",
      "\n",
      "Example:\n",
      "from math import sqrt\n",
      "print(\"Square root of 16 is\", sqrt(16))\n",
      "\n",
      "A module's __name__ \n",
      "Every module has a name and statements in a module can find out the name of their module. This is handy for the particular purpose of figuring out whether the module is being run standalone or being imported. As mentioned previously, when a module is imported for the first time, the code it contains gets executed. We can use this to make the module behave in different ways depending on whether it is being used by itself or being imported from another module. This can be achieved using the __name__ attribute of the module.\n",
      "Example (save as module_using_name.py):\n",
      "if __name__ == '__main__':\n",
      "    print('This program is being run by itself')\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('I am being imported from another module')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python module_using_name.py\n",
      "This program is being run by itself\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python\n",
      ">>> import module_using_name\n",
      "I am being imported from another module\n",
      ">>>\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Every Python module has its __name__ defined. If this is '__main__', that implies that the module is being run standalone by the user and we can take appropriate actions.\n",
      "Making Your Own Modules\n",
      "Creating your own modules is easy, you've been doing it all along!  This is because every Python program is also a module. You just have to make sure it has a .py extension. The following example should make it clear.\n",
      "Example (save as mymodule.py):\n",
      "def say_hi():\n",
      "    print('Hi, this is mymodule speaking.')\n",
      "\n",
      "__version__ = '0.1'\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "The above was a sample module. As you can see, there is nothing particularly special about it compared to our usual Python program. We will next see how to use this module in our other Python programs.\n",
      "Remember that the module should be placed either in the same directory as the program from which we import it, or in one of the directories listed in sys.path.\n",
      "Another module (save as mymodule_demo.py):\n",
      "import mymodule\n",
      "\n",
      "mymodule.say_hi()\n",
      "print('Version', mymodule.__version__)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python mymodule_demo.py\n",
      "Hi, this is mymodule speaking.\n",
      "Version 0.1\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Notice that we use the same dotted notation to access members of the module. Python makes good reuse of the same notation to give the distinctive 'Pythonic' feel to it so that we don't have to keep learning new ways to do things.\n",
      "Here is a version utilising the from..import syntax (save as mymodule_demo2.py):\n",
      "from mymodule import say_hi, __version__\n",
      "\n",
      "say_hi()\n",
      "print('Version', __version__)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "The output of mymodule_demo2.py is same as the output of mymodule_demo.py.\n",
      "Notice that if there was already a __version__ name declared in the module that imports mymodule, there would be a clash. This is also likely because it is common practice for each module to declare it's version number using this name. Hence, it is always recommended to prefer the import statement even though it might make your program a little longer.\n",
      "You could also use:\n",
      "from mymodule import *\n",
      "\n",
      "This will import all public names such as say_hi but would not import __version__ because it starts with double underscores.\n",
      "\n",
      "WARNING: Remember that you should avoid using import-star, i.e. from mymodule import *.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Zen of Python\n",
      "One of Python's guiding principles is that \"Explicit is better than Implicit\". Run import this in Python to learn more.\n",
      "\n",
      "The dir function \n",
      "Built-in dir() function returns list of names defined by an object.\n",
      "If the object is a module, this list includes functions, classes and variables, defined inside that module.\n",
      "This function can accept arguments.\n",
      "If the argument is the name of the module, function returns list of names from that specified module.\n",
      "If there is no argument, function returns list of names from the current module.\n",
      "Example:\n",
      "$ python\n",
      ">>> import sys\n",
      "\n",
      "# get names of attributes in sys module\n",
      ">>> dir(sys)\n",
      "['__displayhook__', '__doc__',\n",
      "'argv', 'builtin_module_names',\n",
      "'version', 'version_info']\n",
      "# only few entries shown here\n",
      "\n",
      "# get names of attributes for current module\n",
      ">>> dir()\n",
      "['__builtins__', '__doc__',\n",
      "'__name__', '__package__']\n",
      "\n",
      "# create a new variable 'a'\n",
      ">>> a = 5\n",
      "\n",
      ">>> dir()\n",
      "['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'a']\n",
      "\n",
      "# delete/remove a name\n",
      ">>> del a\n",
      "\n",
      ">>> dir()\n",
      "['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__']\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "First, we see the usage of dir on the imported sys module. We can see the huge list of attributes that it contains.\n",
      "Next, we use the dir function without passing parameters to it. By default, it returns the list of attributes for the current module. Notice that the list of imported modules is also part of this list.\n",
      "In order to observe the dir in action, we define a new variable a and assign it a value and then check dir and we observe that there is an additional value in the list of the same name. We remove the variable/attribute of the current module using the del statement and the change is reflected again in the output of the dir function.\n",
      "A note on del - this statement is used to delete a variable/name and after the statement has run, in this case del a, you can no longer access the variable a - it is as if it never existed before at all.\n",
      "Note that the dir() function works on any object. For example, run dir(str) for the attributes of the str (string) class.\n",
      "There is also a vars() function which can potentially give you the attributes and their values, but it will not work for all cases.\n",
      "Packages\n",
      "By now, you must have started observing the hierarchy of organizing your programs. Variables usually go inside functions. Functions and global variables usually go inside modules. What if you wanted to organize modules? That's where packages come into the picture.\n",
      "Packages are just folders of modules with a special __init__.py file that indicates to Python that this folder is special because it contains Python modules.\n",
      "Let's say you want to create a package called 'world' with subpackages 'asia', 'africa', etc. and these subpackages in turn contain modules like 'india', 'madagascar', etc.\n",
      "This is how you would structure the folders:\n",
      "- <some folder present in the sys.path>/\n",
      "    - world/\n",
      "        - __init__.py\n",
      "        - asia/\n",
      "            - __init__.py\n",
      "            - india/\n",
      "                - __init__.py\n",
      "                - foo.py\n",
      "        - africa/\n",
      "            - __init__.py\n",
      "            - madagascar/\n",
      "                - __init__.py\n",
      "                - bar.py\n",
      "Packages are just a convenience to hierarchically organize modules. You will see many instances of this in the standard library.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "Just like functions are reusable parts of programs, modules are reusable programs. Packages are another hierarchy to organize modules. The standard library that comes with Python is an example of such a set of packages and modules.\n",
      "We have seen how to use these modules and create our own modules.\n",
      "Next, we will learn about some interesting concepts called data structures.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Data Structures \n",
      "Data structures are basically just that - they are structures which can hold some data together. In other words, they are used to store a collection of related data.\n",
      "There are four built-in data structures in Python - list, tuple, dictionary and set. We will see how to use each of them and how they make life easier for us.\n",
      "List\n",
      "A list is a data structure that holds an ordered collection of items i.e. you can store a sequence of items in a list. This is easy to imagine if you can think of a shopping list where you have a list of items to buy, except that you probably have each item on a separate line in your shopping list whereas in Python you put commas in between them.\n",
      "The list of items should be enclosed in square brackets so that Python understands that you are specifying a list. Once you have created a list, you can add, remove or search for items in the list. Since we can add and remove items, we say that a list is a mutable data type i.e. this type can be altered.\n",
      "Quick Introduction To Objects And Classes\n",
      "Although I've been generally delaying the discussion of objects and classes till now, a little explanation is needed right now so that you can understand lists better. We will explore this topic in detail in a later chapter.\n",
      "A list is an example of usage of objects and classes. When we use a variable i and assign a value to it, say integer 5 to it, you can think of it as creating an object (i.e. instance) i of class (i.e. type) int. In fact, you can read help(int) to understand this better.\n",
      "A class can also have methods i.e. functions defined for use with respect to that class only. You can use these pieces of functionality only when you have an object of that class. For example, Python provides an append method for the list class which allows you to add an item to the end of the list. For example, mylist.append('an item') will add that string to the list mylist. Note the use of dotted notation for accessing methods of the objects.\n",
      "A class can also have fields which are nothing but variables defined for use with respect to that class only. You can use these variables/names only when you have an object of that class. Fields are also accessed by the dotted notation, for example, mylist.field.\n",
      "Example (save as ds_using_list.py):\n",
      "# This is my shopping list\n",
      "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "\n",
      "print('I have', len(shoplist), 'items to purchase.')\n",
      "\n",
      "print('These items are:', end=' ')\n",
      "for item in shoplist:\n",
      "    print(item, end=' ')\n",
      "\n",
      "print('\\nI also have to buy rice.')\n",
      "shoplist.append('rice')\n",
      "print('My shopping list is now', shoplist)\n",
      "\n",
      "print('I will sort my list now')\n",
      "shoplist.sort()\n",
      "print('Sorted shopping list is', shoplist)\n",
      "\n",
      "print('The first item I will buy is', shoplist[0])\n",
      "olditem = shoplist[0]\n",
      "del shoplist[0]\n",
      "print('I bought the', olditem)\n",
      "print('My shopping list is now', shoplist)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_using_list.py\n",
      "I have 4 items to purchase.\n",
      "These items are: apple mango carrot banana\n",
      "I also have to buy rice.\n",
      "My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana', 'rice']\n",
      "I will sort my list now\n",
      "Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n",
      "The first item I will buy is apple\n",
      "I bought the apple\n",
      "My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The variable shoplist is a shopping list for someone who is going to the market. In shoplist, we only store strings of the names of the items to buy but you can add any kind of object to a list including numbers and even other lists.\n",
      "We have also used the for..in loop to iterate through the items of the list. By now, you must have realised that a list is also a sequence. The speciality of sequences will be discussed in a later section.\n",
      "Notice the use of the end parameter in the call to print function to indicate that we want to end the output with a space instead of the usual line break.\n",
      "Next, we add an item to the list using the append method of the list object, as already discussed before. Then, we check that the item has been indeed added to the list by printing the contents of the list by simply passing the list to the print function which prints it neatly.\n",
      "Then, we sort the list by using the sort method of the list. It is important to understand that this method affects the list itself and does not return a modified list - this is different from the way strings work. This is what we mean by saying that lists are mutable and that strings are immutable.\n",
      "Next, when we finish buying an item in the market, we want to remove it from the list. We achieve this by using the del statement. Here, we mention which item of the list we want to remove and the del statement removes it from the list for us.  We specify that we want to remove the first item from the list and hence we use del shoplist[0] (remember that Python starts counting from 0).\n",
      "If you want to know all the methods defined by the list object, see help(list) for details.\n",
      "Tuple\n",
      "Tuples are used to hold together multiple objects. Think of them as similar to lists, but without the extensive functionality that the list class gives you. One major feature of tuples is that they are immutable like strings i.e. you cannot modify tuples.\n",
      "Tuples are defined by specifying items separated by commas within an optional pair of parentheses.\n",
      "Tuples are usually used in cases where a statement or a user-defined function can safely assume that the collection of values i.e. the tuple of values used will not change.\n",
      "Example (save as ds_using_tuple.py):\n",
      "# I would recommend always using parentheses\n",
      "# to indicate start and end of tuple\n",
      "# even though parentheses are optional.\n",
      "# Explicit is better than implicit.\n",
      "zoo = ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n",
      "print('Number of animals in the zoo is', len(zoo))\n",
      "\n",
      "new_zoo = 'monkey', 'camel', zoo\n",
      "print('Number of cages in the new zoo is', len(new_zoo))\n",
      "print('All animals in new zoo are', new_zoo)\n",
      "print('Animals brought from old zoo are', new_zoo[2])\n",
      "print('Last animal brought from old zoo is', new_zoo[2][2])\n",
      "print('Number of animals in the new zoo is',\n",
      "      len(new_zoo)-1+len(new_zoo[2]))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_using_tuple.py\n",
      "Number of animals in the zoo is 3\n",
      "Number of cages in the new zoo is 3\n",
      "All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'camel', ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin'))\n",
      "Animals brought from old zoo are ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n",
      "Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin\n",
      "Number of animals in the new zoo is 5\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The variable zoo refers to a tuple of items. We see that the len function can be used to get the length of the tuple. This also indicates that a tuple is a sequence as well.\n",
      "We are now shifting these animals to a new zoo since the old zoo is being closed. Therefore, the new_zoo tuple contains some animals which are already there along with the animals brought over from the old zoo. Back to reality, note that a tuple within a tuple does not lose its identity.\n",
      "We can access the items in the tuple by specifying the item's position within a pair of square brackets just like we did for lists. This is called the indexing operator. We access the third item in new_zoo by specifying new_zoo[2] and we access the third item within the third item in the new_zoo tuple by specifying new_zoo[2][2]. This is pretty simple once you've understood the idiom.\n",
      "\n",
      "Tuple with 0 or 1 items\n",
      "An empty tuple is constructed by an empty pair of parentheses such as myempty = (). However, a tuple with a single item is not so simple. You have to specify it using a comma following the first (and only) item so that Python can differentiate between a tuple and a pair of parentheses surrounding the object in an expression i.e. you have to specify singleton = (2 , ) if you mean you want a tuple containing the item 2.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Perl programmers\n",
      "A list within a list does not lose its identity i.e. lists are not flattened as in Perl. The same applies to a tuple within a tuple, or a tuple within a list, or a list within a tuple, etc. As far as Python is concerned, they are just objects stored using another object, that's all.\n",
      "\n",
      "Dictionary\n",
      "A dictionary is like an address-book where you can find the address or contact details of a person by knowing only his/her name i.e. we associate keys (name) with values (details). Note that the key must be unique just like you cannot find out the correct information if you have two persons with the exact same name.\n",
      "Note that you can use only immutable objects (like strings) for the keys of a dictionary but you can use either immutable or mutable objects for the values of the dictionary.  This basically translates to say that you should use only simple objects for keys.\n",
      "Pairs of keys and values are specified in a dictionary by using the notation d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }. Notice that the key-value pairs are separated by a colon and the pairs are separated themselves by commas and all this is enclosed in a pair of curly braces.\n",
      "Remember that key-value pairs in a dictionary are not ordered in any manner. If you want a particular order, then you will have to sort them yourself before using it.\n",
      "The dictionaries that you will be using are instances/objects of the dict class.\n",
      "Example (save as ds_using_dict.py):\n",
      "# 'ab' is short for 'a'ddress'b'ook\n",
      "\n",
      "ab = {\n",
      "    'Swaroop': 'swaroop@swaroopch.com',\n",
      "    'Larry': 'larry@wall.org',\n",
      "    'Matsumoto': 'matz@ruby-lang.org',\n",
      "    'Spammer': 'spammer@hotmail.com'\n",
      "}\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"Swaroop's address is\", ab['Swaroop'])\n",
      "\n",
      "# Deleting a key-value pair\n",
      "del ab['Spammer']\n",
      "\n",
      "print('\\nThere are {} contacts in the address-book\\n'.format(len(ab)))\n",
      "\n",
      "for name, address in ab.items():\n",
      "    print('Contact {} at {}'.format(name, address))\n",
      "\n",
      "# Adding a key-value pair\n",
      "ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org'\n",
      "\n",
      "if 'Guido' in ab:\n",
      "    print(\"\\nGuido's address is\", ab['Guido'])\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_using_dict.py\n",
      "Swaroop's address is swaroop@swaroopch.com\n",
      "\n",
      "There are 3 contacts in the address-book\n",
      "\n",
      "Contact Swaroop at swaroop@swaroopch.com\n",
      "Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org\n",
      "Contact Larry at larry@wall.org\n",
      "\n",
      "Guido's address is guido@python.org\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We create the dictionary ab using the notation already discussed. We then access key-value pairs by specifying the key using the indexing operator as discussed in the context of lists and tuples. Observe the simple syntax.\n",
      "We can delete key-value pairs using our old friend - the del statement. We simply specify the dictionary and the indexing operator for the key to be removed and pass it to the del statement. There is no need to know the value corresponding to the key for this operation.\n",
      "Next, we access each key-value pair of the dictionary using the items method of the dictionary which returns a list of tuples where each tuple contains a pair of items - the key followed by the value. We retrieve this pair and assign it to the variables name and address correspondingly for each pair using the for..in loop and then print these values in the for-block.\n",
      "We can add new key-value pairs by simply using the indexing operator to access a key and assign that value, as we have done for Guido in the above case.\n",
      "We can check if a key-value pair exists using the in operator.\n",
      "For the list of methods of the dict class, see help(dict).\n",
      "\n",
      "Keyword Arguments and Dictionaries\n",
      "If you have used keyword arguments in your functions, you have already used dictionaries! Just think about it - the key-value pair is specified by you in the parameter list of the function definition and when you access variables within your function, it is just a key access of a dictionary (which is called the symbol table in compiler design terminology).\n",
      "\n",
      "Sequence\n",
      "Lists, tuples and strings are examples of sequences, but what are sequences and what is so special about them?\n",
      "The major features are membership tests, (i.e. the in and not in expressions) and indexing operations, which allow us to fetch a particular item in the sequence directly.\n",
      "The three types of sequences mentioned above - lists, tuples and strings, also have a slicing operation which allows us to retrieve a slice of the sequence i.e. a part of the sequence.\n",
      "Example (save as ds_seq.py):\n",
      "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "name = 'swaroop'\n",
      "\n",
      "# Indexing or 'Subscription' operation #\n",
      "print('Item 0 is', shoplist[0])\n",
      "print('Item 1 is', shoplist[1])\n",
      "print('Item 2 is', shoplist[2])\n",
      "print('Item 3 is', shoplist[3])\n",
      "print('Item -1 is', shoplist[-1])\n",
      "print('Item -2 is', shoplist[-2])\n",
      "print('Character 0 is', name[0])\n",
      "\n",
      "# Slicing on a list #\n",
      "print('Item 1 to 3 is', shoplist[1:3])\n",
      "print('Item 2 to end is', shoplist[2:])\n",
      "print('Item 1 to -1 is', shoplist[1:-1])\n",
      "print('Item start to end is', shoplist[:])\n",
      "\n",
      "# Slicing on a string #\n",
      "print('characters 1 to 3 is', name[1:3])\n",
      "print('characters 2 to end is', name[2:])\n",
      "print('characters 1 to -1 is', name[1:-1])\n",
      "print('characters start to end is', name[:])\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_seq.py\n",
      "Item 0 is apple\n",
      "Item 1 is mango\n",
      "Item 2 is carrot\n",
      "Item 3 is banana\n",
      "Item -1 is banana\n",
      "Item -2 is carrot\n",
      "Character 0 is s\n",
      "Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n",
      "Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n",
      "Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "characters 1 to 3 is wa\n",
      "characters 2 to end is aroop\n",
      "characters 1 to -1 is waroo\n",
      "characters start to end is swaroop\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "First, we see how to use indexes to get individual items of a sequence. This is also referred to as the subscription operation. Whenever you specify a number to a sequence within square brackets as shown above, Python will fetch you the item corresponding to that position in the sequence. Remember that Python starts counting numbers from 0. Hence, shoplist[0] fetches the first item and shoplist[3] fetches the fourth item in the shoplistsequence.\n",
      "The index can also be a negative number, in which case, the position is calculated from the end of the sequence. Therefore, shoplist[-1] refers to the last item in the sequence and shoplist[-2] fetches the second last item in the sequence.\n",
      "The slicing operation is used by specifying the name of the sequence followed by an optional pair of numbers separated by a colon within square brackets. Note that this is very similar to the indexing operation you have been using till now. Remember the numbers are optional but the colon isn't.\n",
      "The first number (before the colon) in the slicing operation refers to the position from where the slice starts and the second number (after the colon) indicates where the slice will stop at. If the first number is not specified, Python will start at the beginning of the sequence. If the second number is left out, Python will stop at the end of the sequence. Note that the slice returned starts at the start position and will end just before the end position i.e. the start position is included but the end position is excluded from the sequence slice.\n",
      "Thus, shoplist[1:3] returns a slice of the sequence starting at position 1, includes position 2 but stops at position 3 and therefore a slice of two items is returned.  Similarly, shoplist[:] returns a copy of the whole sequence.\n",
      "You can also do slicing with negative positions. Negative numbers are used for positions from the end of the sequence. For example, shoplist[:-1] will return a slice of the sequence which excludes the last item of the sequence but contains everything else.\n",
      "You can also provide a third argument for the slice, which is the step for the slicing (by default, the step size is 1):\n",
      ">>> shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      ">>> shoplist[::1]\n",
      "['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      ">>> shoplist[::2]\n",
      "['apple', 'carrot']\n",
      ">>> shoplist[::3]\n",
      "['apple', 'banana']\n",
      ">>> shoplist[::-1]\n",
      "['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'apple']\n",
      "\n",
      "Notice that when the step is 2, we get the items with position 0, 2,... When the step size is 3, we get the items with position 0, 3, etc.\n",
      "Try various combinations of such slice specifications using the Python interpreter interactively i.e. the prompt so that you can see the results immediately. The great thing about sequences is that you can access tuples, lists and strings all in the same way!\n",
      "Set\n",
      "Sets are unordered collections of simple objects. These are used when the existence of an object in a collection is more important than the order or how many times it occurs.\n",
      "Using sets, you can test for membership, whether it is a subset of another set, find the intersection between two sets, and so on.\n",
      ">>> bri = set(['brazil', 'russia', 'india'])\n",
      ">>> 'india' in bri\n",
      "True\n",
      ">>> 'usa' in bri\n",
      "False\n",
      ">>> bric = bri.copy()\n",
      ">>> bric.add('china')\n",
      ">>> bric.issuperset(bri)\n",
      "True\n",
      ">>> bri.remove('russia')\n",
      ">>> bri & bric # OR bri.intersection(bric)\n",
      "{'brazil', 'india'}\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The example is pretty much self-explanatory because it involves basic set theory mathematics taught in school.\n",
      "References\n",
      "When you create an object and assign it to a variable, the variable only refers to the object and does not represent the object itself!  That is, the variable name points to that part of your computer's memory where the object is stored. This is called binding the name to the object.\n",
      "Generally, you don't need to be worried about this, but there is a subtle effect due to references which you need to be aware of:\n",
      "Example (save as ds_reference.py):\n",
      "print('Simple Assignment')\n",
      "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "# mylist is just another name pointing to the same object!\n",
      "mylist = shoplist\n",
      "\n",
      "# I purchased the first item, so I remove it from the list\n",
      "del shoplist[0]\n",
      "\n",
      "print('shoplist is', shoplist)\n",
      "print('mylist is', mylist)\n",
      "# Notice that both shoplist and mylist both print\n",
      "# the same list without the 'apple' confirming that\n",
      "# they point to the same object\n",
      "\n",
      "print('Copy by making a full slice')\n",
      "# Make a copy by doing a full slice\n",
      "mylist = shoplist[:]\n",
      "# Remove first item\n",
      "del mylist[0]\n",
      "\n",
      "print('shoplist is', shoplist)\n",
      "print('mylist is', mylist)\n",
      "# Notice that now the two lists are different\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_reference.py\n",
      "Simple Assignment\n",
      "shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "mylist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "Copy by making a full slice\n",
      "shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "mylist is ['carrot', 'banana']\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Most of the explanation is available in the comments.\n",
      "Remember that if you want to make a copy of a list or such kinds of sequences or complex objects (not simple objects such as integers), then you have to use the slicing operation to make a copy. If you just assign the variable name to another name, both of them will ''refer'' to the same object and this could be trouble if you are not careful.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Perl programmers\n",
      "Remember that an assignment statement for lists does not create a copy. You have to use slicing operation to make a copy of the sequence.\n",
      "\n",
      "More About Strings \n",
      "We have already discussed strings in detail earlier. What more can there be to know?  Well, did you know that strings are also objects and have methods which do everything from checking part of a string to stripping spaces!\n",
      "The strings that you use in program are all objects of the class str.  Some useful methods of this class are demonstrated in the next example. For a complete list of such methods, see help(str).\n",
      "Example (save as ds_str_methods.py):\n",
      "# This is a string object\n",
      "name = 'Swaroop'\n",
      "\n",
      "if name.startswith('Swa'):\n",
      "    print('Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"')\n",
      "\n",
      "if 'a' in name:\n",
      "    print('Yes, it contains the string \"a\"')\n",
      "\n",
      "if name.find('war') != -1:\n",
      "    print('Yes, it contains the string \"war\"')\n",
      "\n",
      "delimiter = '_*_'\n",
      "mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']\n",
      "print(delimiter.join(mylist))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python ds_str_methods.py\n",
      "Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"\n",
      "Yes, it contains the string \"a\"\n",
      "Yes, it contains the string \"war\"\n",
      "Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here, we see a lot of the string methods in action. The startswith method is used to find out whether the string starts with the given string. The in operator is used to check if a given string is a part of the string.\n",
      "The find method is used to locate the position of the given substring within the string; find returns -1 if it is unsuccessful in finding the substring. The str class also has a neat method to join the items of a sequence with the string acting as a delimiter between each item of the sequence and returns a bigger string generated from this.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have explored the various built-in data structures of Python in detail. These data structures will be essential for writing programs of reasonable size.\n",
      "Now that we have a lot of the basics of Python in place, we will next see how to design and write a real-world Python program.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Problem Solving\n",
      "We have explored various parts of the Python language and now we will take a look at how all these parts fit together, by designing and writing a program which does something useful. The idea is to learn how to write a Python script on your own.\n",
      "The Problem\n",
      "The problem we want to solve is:\n",
      "\n",
      "I want a program which creates a backup of all my important files.\n",
      "\n",
      "Although, this is a simple problem, there is not enough information for us to get started with the solution. A little more analysis is required. For example, how do we specify which files are to be backed up? How are they stored? Where are they stored?\n",
      "After analyzing the problem properly, we design our program. We make a list of things about how our program should work. In this case, I have created the following list on how I want it to work. If you do the design, you may not come up with the same kind of analysis since every person has their own way of doing things, so that is perfectly okay.\n",
      "\n",
      "The files and directories to be backed up are specified in a list.\n",
      "The backup must be stored in a main backup directory.\n",
      "The files are backed up into a zip file.\n",
      "The name of the zip archive is the current date and time.\n",
      "We use the standard zip command available by default in any standard GNU/Linux or Unix distribution. Note that you can use any archiving command you want as long as it has a command line interface.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "For Windows users\n",
      "Windows users can install the zip command from the GnuWin32 project page and add C:\\Program Files\\GnuWin32\\bin to your system PATH environment variable, similar to what we did for recognizing the python command itself.\n",
      "\n",
      "The Solution\n",
      "As the design of our program is now reasonably stable, we can write the code which is an implementation of our solution.\n",
      "Save as backup_ver1.py:\n",
      "import os\n",
      "import time\n",
      "\n",
      "# 1. The files and directories to be backed up are\n",
      "# specified in a list.\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# source = ['\"C:\\\\My Documents\"', 'C:\\\\Code']\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "source = ['/Users/swa/notes']\n",
      "# Notice we had to use double quotes inside the string\n",
      "# for names with spaces in it.\n",
      "\n",
      "# 2. The backup must be stored in a\n",
      "# main backup directory\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# target_dir = 'E:\\\\Backup'\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "target_dir = '/Users/swa/backup'\n",
      "# Remember to change this to which folder you will be using\n",
      "\n",
      "# 3. The files are backed up into a zip file.\n",
      "# 4. The name of the zip archive is the current date and time\n",
      "target = target_dir + os.sep + \\\n",
      "         time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.zip'\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create target directory if it is not present\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(target_dir):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(target_dir)  # make directory\n",
      "\n",
      "# 5. We use the zip command to put the files in a zip archive\n",
      "zip_command = 'zip -r {0} {1}'.format(target,\n",
      "                                      ' '.join(source))\n",
      "\n",
      "# Run the backup\n",
      "print('Zip command is:')\n",
      "print(zip_command)\n",
      "print('Running:')\n",
      "if os.system(zip_command) == 0:\n",
      "    print('Successful backup to', target)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('Backup FAILED')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python backup_ver1.py\n",
      "Zip command is:\n",
      "zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140328084844.zip /Users/swa/notes\n",
      "Running:\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/ (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah1.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah2.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah3.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140328084844.zip\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Now, we are in the testing phase where we test that our program works properly. If it doesn't behave as expected, then we have to debug our program i.e. remove the bugs (errors) from the program.\n",
      "If the above program does not work for you, copy the line printed after the Zip command is line in the output, paste it in the shell (on GNU/Linux and Mac OS X) / cmd (on Windows), see what the error is and try to fix it. Also check the zip command manual on what could be wrong. If this command succeeds, then the problem might be in the Python program itself, so check if it exactly matches the program written above.\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "You will notice how we have converted our design into code in a step-by-step manner.\n",
      "We make use of the os and time modules by first importing them. Then, we specify the files and directories to be backed up in the source list. The target directory is where we store all the backup files and this is specified in the target_dir variable. The name of the zip archive that we are going to create is the current date and time which we generate using the time.strftime() function. It will also have the .zip extension and will be stored in the target_dir directory.\n",
      "Notice the use of the os.sep variable - this gives the directory separator according to your operating system i.e. it will be '/' in GNU/Linux and Unix, it will be '\\\\' in Windows and ':' in Mac OS. Using os.sep instead of these characters directly will make our program portable and work across all of these systems.\n",
      "The time.strftime() function takes a specification such as the one we have used in the above program. The %Y specification will be replaced by the year with the century. The %m specification will be replaced by the month as a decimal number between 01 and 12 and so on. The complete list of such specifications can be found in the Python Reference Manual.\n",
      "We create the name of the target zip file using the addition operator which concatenates the strings i.e. it joins the two strings together and returns a new one. Then, we create a string zip_command which contains the command that we are going to execute. You can check if this command works by running it in the shell (GNU/Linux terminal or DOS prompt).\n",
      "The zip command that we are using has some options and parameters passed. The -r option specifies that the zip command should work recursively for directories i.e. it should include all the subdirectories and files. The two options are combined and specified in a shortcut as -qr. The options are followed by the name of the zip archive to create followed by the list of files and directories to backup. We convert the source list into a string using the join method of strings which we have already seen how to use.\n",
      "Then, we finally run the command using the os.system function which runs the command as if it was run from the system i.e. in the shell - it returns 0 if the command was successfully, else it returns an error number.\n",
      "Depending on the outcome of the command, we print the appropriate message that the backup has failed or succeeded.\n",
      "That's it, we have created a script to take a backup of our important files!\n",
      "\n",
      "Note to Windows Users\n",
      "Instead of double backslash escape sequences, you can also use raw strings. For example, use 'C:\\\\Documents' or r'C:\\Documents'. However, do not use 'C:\\Documents' since you end up using an unknown escape sequence \\D.\n",
      "\n",
      "Now that we have a working backup script, we can use it whenever we want to take a backup of the files. This is called the operation phase or the deployment phase of the software.\n",
      "The above program works properly, but (usually) first programs do not work exactly as you expect. For example, there might be problems if you have not designed the program properly or if you have made a mistake when typing the code, etc. Appropriately, you will have to go back to the design phase or you will have to debug your program.\n",
      "Second Version\n",
      "The first version of our script works. However, we can make some refinements to it so that it can work better on a daily basis. This is called the maintenance phase of the software.\n",
      "One of the refinements I felt was useful is a better file-naming mechanism - using the time as the name of the file within a directory with the current date as a directory within the main backup directory. The first advantage is that your backups are stored in a hierarchical manner and therefore it is much easier to manage. The second advantage is that the filenames are much shorter. The third advantage is that separate directories will help you check if you have made a backup for each day since the directory would be created only if you have made a backup for that day.\n",
      "Save as backup_ver2.py:\n",
      "import os\n",
      "import time\n",
      "\n",
      "# 1. The files and directories to be backed up are\n",
      "# specified in a list.\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# source = ['\"C:\\\\My Documents\"', 'C:\\\\Code']\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "source = ['/Users/swa/notes']\n",
      "# Notice we had to use double quotes inside the string\n",
      "# for names with spaces in it.\n",
      "\n",
      "# 2. The backup must be stored in a\n",
      "# main backup directory\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# target_dir = 'E:\\\\Backup'\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "target_dir = '/Users/swa/backup'\n",
      "# Remember to change this to which folder you will be using\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create target directory if it is not present\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(target_dir):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(target_dir)  # make directory\n",
      "\n",
      "# 3. The files are backed up into a zip file.\n",
      "# 4. The current day is the name of the subdirectory\n",
      "# in the main directory.\n",
      "today = target_dir + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')\n",
      "# The current time is the name of the zip archive.\n",
      "now = time.strftime('%H%M%S')\n",
      "\n",
      "# The name of the zip file\n",
      "target = today + os.sep + now + '.zip'\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create the subdirectory if it isn't already there\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(today):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(today)\n",
      "    print('Successfully created directory', today)\n",
      "\n",
      "# 5. We use the zip command to put the files in a zip archive\n",
      "zip_command = 'zip -r {0} {1}'.format(target,\n",
      "                                      ' '.join(source))\n",
      "\n",
      "# Run the backup\n",
      "print('Zip command is:')\n",
      "print(zip_command)\n",
      "print('Running:')\n",
      "if os.system(zip_command) == 0:\n",
      "    print('Successful backup to', target)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('Backup FAILED')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python backup_ver2.py\n",
      "Successfully created directory /Users/swa/backup/20140329\n",
      "Zip command is:\n",
      "zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140329/073201.zip /Users/swa/notes\n",
      "Running:\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/ (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah1.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah2.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah3.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140329/073201.zip\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Most of the program remains the same. The changes are that we check if there is a directory with the current day as its name inside the main backup directory using the os.path.exists function. If it doesn't exist, we create it using the os.mkdir function.\n",
      "Third Version\n",
      "The second version works fine when I do many backups, but when there are lots of backups, I am finding it hard to differentiate what the backups were for! For example, I might have made some major changes to a program or presentation, then I want to associate what those changes are with the name of the zip archive. This can be easily achieved by attaching a user-supplied comment to the name of the zip archive.\n",
      "WARNING: The following program does not work, so do not be alarmed, please follow along because there's a lesson in here.\n",
      "Save as backup_ver3.py:\n",
      "import os\n",
      "import time\n",
      "\n",
      "# 1. The files and directories to be backed up are\n",
      "# specified in a list.\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# source = ['\"C:\\\\My Documents\"', 'C:\\\\Code']\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "source = ['/Users/swa/notes']\n",
      "# Notice we had to use double quotes inside the string\n",
      "# for names with spaces in it.\n",
      "\n",
      "# 2. The backup must be stored in a\n",
      "# main backup directory\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# target_dir = 'E:\\\\Backup'\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "target_dir = '/Users/swa/backup'\n",
      "# Remember to change this to which folder you will be using\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create target directory if it is not present\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(target_dir):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(target_dir)  # make directory\n",
      "\n",
      "# 3. The files are backed up into a zip file.\n",
      "# 4. The current day is the name of the subdirectory\n",
      "# in the main directory.\n",
      "today = target_dir + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')\n",
      "# The current time is the name of the zip archive.\n",
      "now = time.strftime('%H%M%S')\n",
      "\n",
      "# Take a comment from the user to\n",
      "# create the name of the zip file\n",
      "comment = input('Enter a comment --> ')\n",
      "# Check if a comment was entered\n",
      "if len(comment) == 0:\n",
      "    target = today + os.sep + now + '.zip'\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    target = today + os.sep + now + '_' + \n",
      "        comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create the subdirectory if it isn't already there\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(today):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(today)\n",
      "    print('Successfully created directory', today)\n",
      "\n",
      "# 5. We use the zip command to put the files in a zip archive\n",
      "zip_command = \"zip -r {0} {1}\".format(target,\n",
      "                                      ' '.join(source))\n",
      "\n",
      "# Run the backup\n",
      "print('Zip command is:')\n",
      "print(zip_command)\n",
      "print('Running:')\n",
      "if os.system(zip_command) == 0:\n",
      "    print('Successful backup to', target)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('Backup FAILED')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python backup_ver3.py\n",
      "  File \"backup_ver3.py\", line 39\n",
      "    target = today + os.sep + now + '_' +\n",
      "                                        ^\n",
      "SyntaxError: invalid syntax\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How This (does not) Work\n",
      "This program does not work! Python says there is a syntax error which means that the script does not satisfy the structure that Python expects to see. When we observe the error given by Python, it also tells us the place where it detected the error as well. So we start debugging our program from that line.\n",
      "On careful observation, we see that the single logical line has been split into two physical lines but we have not specified that these two physical lines belong together. Basically, Python has found the addition operator (+) without any operand in that logical line and hence it doesn't know how to continue. Remember that we can specify that the logical line continues in the next physical line by the use of a backslash at the end of the physical line. So, we make this correction to our program. This correction of the program when we find errors is called bug fixing.\n",
      "Fourth Version\n",
      "Save as backup_ver4.py:\n",
      "import os\n",
      "import time\n",
      "\n",
      "# 1. The files and directories to be backed up are\n",
      "# specified in a list.\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# source = ['\"C:\\\\My Documents\"', 'C:\\\\Code']\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "source = ['/Users/swa/notes']\n",
      "# Notice we had to use double quotes inside the string\n",
      "# for names with spaces in it.\n",
      "\n",
      "# 2. The backup must be stored in a\n",
      "# main backup directory\n",
      "# Example on Windows:\n",
      "# target_dir = 'E:\\\\Backup'\n",
      "# Example on Mac OS X and Linux:\n",
      "target_dir = '/Users/swa/backup'\n",
      "# Remember to change this to which folder you will be using\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create target directory if it is not present\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(target_dir):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(target_dir)  # make directory\n",
      "\n",
      "# 3. The files are backed up into a zip file.\n",
      "# 4. The current day is the name of the subdirectory\n",
      "# in the main directory.\n",
      "today = target_dir + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')\n",
      "# The current time is the name of the zip archive.\n",
      "now = time.strftime('%H%M%S')\n",
      "\n",
      "# Take a comment from the user to\n",
      "# create the name of the zip file\n",
      "comment = input('Enter a comment --> ')\n",
      "# Check if a comment was entered\n",
      "if len(comment) == 0:\n",
      "    target = today + os.sep + now + '.zip'\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    target = today + os.sep + now + '_' + \\\n",
      "        comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'\n",
      "\n",
      "# Create the subdirectory if it isn't already there\n",
      "if not os.path.exists(today):\n",
      "    os.mkdir(today)\n",
      "    print('Successfully created directory', today)\n",
      "\n",
      "# 5. We use the zip command to put the files in a zip archive\n",
      "zip_command = 'zip -r {0} {1}'.format(target,\n",
      "                                      ' '.join(source))\n",
      "\n",
      "# Run the backup\n",
      "print('Zip command is:')\n",
      "print(zip_command)\n",
      "print('Running:')\n",
      "if os.system(zip_command) == 0:\n",
      "    print('Successful backup to', target)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('Backup FAILED')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python backup_ver4.py\n",
      "Enter a comment --> added new examples\n",
      "Zip command is:\n",
      "zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140329/074122_added_new_examples.zip /Users/swa/notes\n",
      "Running:\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/ (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah1.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah2.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "  adding: Users/swa/notes/blah3.txt (stored 0%)\n",
      "Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140329/074122_added_new_examples.zip\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "This program now works! Let us go through the actual enhancements that we had made in version 3. We take in the user's comments using the input function and then check if the user actually entered something by finding out the length of the input using the len function. If the user has just pressed enter without entering anything (maybe it was just a routine backup or no special changes were made), then we proceed as we have done before.\n",
      "However, if a comment was supplied, then this is attached to the name of the zip archive just before the .zip extension.  Notice that we are replacing spaces in the comment with underscores - this is because managing filenames without spaces is much easier.\n",
      "More Refinements\n",
      "The fourth version is a satisfactorily working script for most users, but there is always room for improvement. For example, you can include a verbosity level for the program where you can specify a -v option to make your program become more talkative or a -q to make it quiet.\n",
      "Another possible enhancement would be to allow extra files and directories to be passed to the script at the command line. We can get these names from the sys.argv list and we can add them to our source list using the extend method provided by the list class.\n",
      "The most important refinement would be to not use the os.system way of creating archives and instead using the zipfile or tarfile built-in modules to create these archives. They are part of the standard library and available already for you to use without external dependencies on the zip program to be available on your computer.\n",
      "However, I have been using the os.system way of creating a backup in the above examples purely for pedagogical purposes, so that the example is simple enough to be understood by everybody but real enough to be useful.\n",
      "Can you try writing the fifth version that uses the zipfile module instead of the os.system call?\n",
      "The Software Development Process\n",
      "We have now gone through the various phases in the process of writing a software. These phases can be summarised as follows:\n",
      "\n",
      "What (Analysis)\n",
      "How (Design)\n",
      "Do It (Implementation)\n",
      "Test (Testing and Debugging)\n",
      "Use (Operation or Deployment)\n",
      "Maintain (Refinement)\n",
      "\n",
      "A recommended way of writing programs is the procedure we have followed in creating the backup script: Do the analysis and design. Start implementing with a simple version. Test and debug it. Use it to ensure that it works as expected. Now, add any features that you want and continue to repeat the Do It-Test-Use cycle as many times as required.\n",
      "Remember:\n",
      "\n",
      "Software is grown, not built.\n",
      "-- Bill de hÓra\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have seen how to create our own Python programs/scripts and the various stages involved in writing such programs. You may find it useful to create your own program just like we did in this chapter so that you become comfortable with Python as well as problem-solving.\n",
      "Next, we will discuss object-oriented programming.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Object Oriented Programming \n",
      "In all the programs we wrote till now, we have designed our program around functions i.e. blocks of statements which manipulate data. This is called the procedure-oriented way of programming. There is another way of organizing your program which is to combine data and functionality and wrap it inside something called an object. This is called the object oriented programming paradigm. Most of the time you can use procedural programming, but when writing large programs or have a problem that is better suited to this method, you can use object oriented programming techniques.\n",
      "Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object oriented programming. A class creates a new type where objects are instances of the class. An analogy is that you can have variables of type int which translates to saying that variables that store integers are variables which are instances (objects) of the int class.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for Static Language Programmers\n",
      "Note that even integers are treated as objects (of the int class). This is unlike C++ and Java (before version 1.5) where integers are primitive native types.\n",
      "See help(int) for more details on the class.\n",
      "C# and Java 1.5 programmers will find this similar to the boxing and unboxing concept.\n",
      "\n",
      "Objects can store data using ordinary variables that belong to the object. Variables that belong to an object or class are referred to as fields. Objects can also have functionality by using functions that belong to a class. Such functions are called methods of the class. This terminology is important because it helps us to differentiate between functions and variables which are independent and those which belong to a class or object. Collectively, the fields and methods can be referred to as the attributes of that class.\n",
      "Fields are of two types - they can belong to each instance/object of the class or they can belong to the class itself. They are called instance variables and class variables respectively.\n",
      "A class is created using the class keyword. The fields and methods of the class are listed in an indented block.\n",
      "The self \n",
      "Class methods have only one specific difference from ordinary functions - they must have an extra first name that has to be added to the beginning of the parameter list, but you do not give a value for this parameter when you call the method, Python will provide it. This particular variable refers to the object itself, and by convention, it is given the name self.\n",
      "Although, you can give any name for this parameter, it is strongly recommended that you use the name self - any other name is definitely frowned upon. There are many advantages to using a standard name - any reader of your program will immediately recognize it and even specialized IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) can help you if you use self.\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C++/Java/C# Programmers\n",
      "The self in Python is equivalent to the this pointer in C++ and the this reference in Java and C#.\n",
      "\n",
      "You must be wondering how Python gives the value for self and why you don't need to give a value for it. An example will make this clear. Say you have a class called MyClass and an instance of this class called myobject. When you call a method of this object as myobject.method(arg1, arg2), this is automatically converted by Python into MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2) - this is all the special self is about.\n",
      "This also means that if you have a method which takes no arguments, then you still have to have one argument - the self.\n",
      "Classes \n",
      "The simplest class possible is shown in the following example (save as oop_simplestclass.py).\n",
      "class Person:\n",
      "    pass  # An empty block\n",
      "\n",
      "p = Person()\n",
      "print(p)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python oop_simplestclass.py\n",
      "<__main__.Person instance at 0x10171f518>\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We create a new class using the class statement and the name of the class. This is followed by an indented block of statements which form the body of the class. In this case, we have an empty block which is indicated using the pass statement.\n",
      "Next, we create an object/instance of this class using the name of the class followed by a pair of parentheses. (We will learn more about instantiation in the next section). For our verification, we confirm the type of the variable by simply printing it. It tells us that we have an instance of the Person class in the __main__ module.\n",
      "Notice that the address of the computer memory where your object is stored is also printed. The address will have a different value on your computer since Python can store the object wherever it finds space.\n",
      "Methods\n",
      "We have already discussed that classes/objects can have methods just like functions except that we have an extra self variable. We will now see an example (save as oop_method.py).\n",
      "class Person:\n",
      "    def say_hi(self):\n",
      "        print('Hello, how are you?')\n",
      "\n",
      "p = Person()\n",
      "p.say_hi()\n",
      "# The previous 2 lines can also be written as\n",
      "# Person().say_hi()\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python oop_method.py\n",
      "Hello, how are you?\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here we see the self in action. Notice that the say_hi method takes no parameters but still has the self in the function definition.\n",
      "The __init__ method \n",
      "There are many method names which have special significance in Python classes. We will see the significance of the __init__ method now.\n",
      "The __init__ method is run as soon as an object of a class is instantiated. The method is useful to do any initialization you want to do with your object. Notice the double underscores both at the beginning and at the end of the name.\n",
      "Example (save as oop_init.py):\n",
      "class Person:\n",
      "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
      "        self.name = name\n",
      "\n",
      "    def say_hi(self):\n",
      "        print('Hello, my name is', self.name)\n",
      "\n",
      "p = Person('Swaroop')\n",
      "p.say_hi()\n",
      "# The previous 2 lines can also be written as\n",
      "# Person('Swaroop').say_hi()\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python oop_init.py\n",
      "Hello, my name is Swaroop\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here, we define the __init__ method as taking a parameter name (along with the usual self). Here, we just create a new field also called name. Notice these are two different variables even though they are both called 'name'. There is no problem because the dotted notation self.name means that there is something called \"name\" that is part of the object called \"self\" and the other name is a local variable. Since we explicitly indicate which name we are referring to, there is no confusion.\n",
      "When creating new instance p, of the class Person, we do so by using the class name, followed by the arguments in the parentheses: p = Person('Swaroop').\n",
      "We do not explicitly call the __init__ method.\n",
      "This is the special significance of this method.\n",
      "Now, we are able to use the self.name field in our methods which is demonstrated in the say_hi method.\n",
      "Class And Object Variables \n",
      "We have already discussed the functionality part of classes and objects (i.e. methods), now let us learn about the data part. The data part, i.e. fields, are nothing but ordinary variables that are bound to the namespaces of the classes and objects. This means that these names are valid within the context of these classes and objects only. That's why they are called name spaces.\n",
      "There are two types of fields - class variables and object variables which are classified depending on whether the class or the object owns the variables respectively.\n",
      "Class variables are shared - they can be accessed by all instances of that class. There is only one copy of the class variable and when any one object makes a change to a class variable, that change will be seen by all the other instances.\n",
      "Object variables are owned by each individual object/instance of the class. In this case, each object has its own copy of the field i.e. they are not shared and are not related in any way to the field by the same name in a different instance. An example will make this easy to understand (save as oop_objvar.py):\n",
      "class Robot:\n",
      "    \"\"\"Represents a robot, with a name.\"\"\"\n",
      "\n",
      "    # A class variable, counting the number of robots\n",
      "    population = 0\n",
      "\n",
      "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
      "        \"\"\"Initializes the data.\"\"\"\n",
      "        self.name = name\n",
      "        print(\"(Initializing {})\".format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "        # When this person is created, the robot\n",
      "        # adds to the population\n",
      "        Robot.population += 1\n",
      "\n",
      "    def die(self):\n",
      "        \"\"\"I am dying.\"\"\"\n",
      "        print(\"{} is being destroyed!\".format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "        Robot.population -= 1\n",
      "\n",
      "        if Robot.population == 0:\n",
      "            print(\"{} was the last one.\".format(self.name))\n",
      "        else:\n",
      "            print(\"There are still {:d} robots working.\".format(\n",
      "                Robot.population))\n",
      "\n",
      "    def say_hi(self):\n",
      "        \"\"\"Greeting by the robot.\n",
      "\n",
      "        Yeah, they can do that.\"\"\"\n",
      "        print(\"Greetings, my masters call me {}.\".format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "    @classmethod\n",
      "    def how_many(cls):\n",
      "        \"\"\"Prints the current population.\"\"\"\n",
      "        print(\"We have {:d} robots.\".format(cls.population))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "droid1 = Robot(\"R2-D2\")\n",
      "droid1.say_hi()\n",
      "Robot.how_many()\n",
      "\n",
      "droid2 = Robot(\"C-3PO\")\n",
      "droid2.say_hi()\n",
      "Robot.how_many()\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"\\nRobots can do some work here.\\n\")\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\")\n",
      "droid1.die()\n",
      "droid2.die()\n",
      "\n",
      "Robot.how_many()\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python oop_objvar.py\n",
      "(Initializing R2-D2)\n",
      "Greetings, my masters call me R2-D2.\n",
      "We have 1 robots.\n",
      "(Initializing C-3PO)\n",
      "Greetings, my masters call me C-3PO.\n",
      "We have 2 robots.\n",
      "\n",
      "Robots can do some work here.\n",
      "\n",
      "Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\n",
      "R2-D2 is being destroyed!\n",
      "There are still 1 robots working.\n",
      "C-3PO is being destroyed!\n",
      "C-3PO was the last one.\n",
      "We have 0 robots.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "This is a long example but helps demonstrate the nature of class and object variables. Here, population belongs to the Robot class and hence is a class variable. The name variable belongs to the object (it is assigned using self) and hence is an object variable.\n",
      "Thus, we refer to the population class variable as Robot.population and not as self.population. We refer to the object variable name using self.name notation in the methods of that object. Remember this simple difference between class and object variables. Also note that an object variable with the same name as a class variable will hide the class variable!\n",
      "Instead of Robot.population, we could have also used self.__class__.population because every object refers to its class via the self.__class__ attribute.\n",
      "The how_many is actually a method that belongs to the class and not to the object. This means we can define it as either a classmethod or a staticmethod depending on whether we need to know which class we are part of. Since we refer to a class variable, let's use classmethod.\n",
      "We have marked the how_many method as a class method using a decorator.\n",
      "Decorators can be imagined to be a shortcut to calling a wrapper function, so applying the @classmethod decorator is same as calling:\n",
      "how_many = classmethod(how_many)\n",
      "\n",
      "Observe that the __init__ method is used to initialize the Robot instance with a name. In this method, we increase the population count by 1 since we have one more robot being added. Also observe that the values of self.name is specific to each object which indicates the nature of object variables.\n",
      "Remember, that you must refer to the variables and methods of the same object using the self only. This is called an attribute reference.\n",
      "In this program, we also see the use of docstrings for classes as well as methods. We can access the class docstring at runtime using Robot.__doc__ and the method docstring as Robot.say_hi.__doc__\n",
      "In the die method, we simply decrease the Robot.population count by 1.\n",
      "All class members are public. One exception: If you use data members with names using the double underscore prefix such as __privatevar, Python uses name-mangling to effectively make it a private variable.\n",
      "Thus, the convention followed is that any variable that is to be used only within the class or object should begin with an underscore and all other names are public and can be used by other classes/objects. Remember that this is only a convention and is not enforced by Python (except for the double underscore prefix).\n",
      "\n",
      "Note for C++/Java/C# Programmers\n",
      "All class members (including the data members) are public and all the methods are virtual in Python.\n",
      "\n",
      "Inheritance\n",
      "One of the major benefits of object oriented programming is reuse of code and one of the ways this is achieved is through the inheritance mechanism. Inheritance can be best imagined as implementing a type and subtype relationship between classes.\n",
      "Suppose you want to write a program which has to keep track of the teachers and students in a college. They have some common characteristics such as name, age and address. They also have specific characteristics such as salary, courses and leaves for teachers and, marks and fees for students.\n",
      "You can create two independent classes for each type and process them but adding a new common characteristic would mean adding to both of these independent classes. This quickly becomes unwieldy.\n",
      "A better way would be to create a common class called SchoolMember and then have the teacher and student classes inherit from this class i.e. they will become sub-types of this type (class) and then we can add specific characteristics to these sub-types.\n",
      "There are many advantages to this approach. If we add/change any functionality in SchoolMember, this is automatically reflected in the subtypes as well. For example, you can add a new ID card field for both teachers and students by simply adding it to the SchoolMember class. However, changes in the subtypes do not affect other subtypes. Another advantage is that if you can refer to a teacher or student object as a SchoolMember object which could be useful in some situations such as counting of the number of school members. This is called polymorphism where a sub-type can be substituted in any situation where a parent type is expected i.e. the object can be treated as an instance of the parent class.\n",
      "Also observe that we reuse the code of the parent class and we do not need to repeat it in the different classes as we would have had to in case we had used independent classes.\n",
      "The SchoolMember class in this situation is known as the base class or the superclass. The Teacher and Student classes are called the derived classes or subclasses.\n",
      "We will now see this example as a program (save as oop_subclass.py):\n",
      "class SchoolMember:\n",
      "    '''Represents any school member.'''\n",
      "    def __init__(self, name, age):\n",
      "        self.name = name\n",
      "        self.age = age\n",
      "        print('(Initialized SchoolMember: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "    def tell(self):\n",
      "        '''Tell my details.'''\n",
      "        print('Name:\"{}\" Age:\"{}\"'.format(self.name, self.age), end=\" \")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "class Teacher(SchoolMember):\n",
      "    '''Represents a teacher.'''\n",
      "    def __init__(self, name, age, salary):\n",
      "        SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n",
      "        self.salary = salary\n",
      "        print('(Initialized Teacher: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "    def tell(self):\n",
      "        SchoolMember.tell(self)\n",
      "        print('Salary: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.salary))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "class Student(SchoolMember):\n",
      "    '''Represents a student.'''\n",
      "    def __init__(self, name, age, marks):\n",
      "        SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n",
      "        self.marks = marks\n",
      "        print('(Initialized Student: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
      "\n",
      "    def tell(self):\n",
      "        SchoolMember.tell(self)\n",
      "        print('Marks: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.marks))\n",
      "\n",
      "t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)\n",
      "s = Student('Swaroop', 25, 75)\n",
      "\n",
      "# prints a blank line\n",
      "print()\n",
      "\n",
      "members = [t, s]\n",
      "for member in members:\n",
      "    # Works for both Teachers and Students\n",
      "    member.tell()\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python oop_subclass.py\n",
      "(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)\n",
      "(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)\n",
      "(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)\n",
      "(Initialized Student: Swaroop)\n",
      "\n",
      "Name:\"Mrs. Shrividya\" Age:\"40\" Salary: \"30000\"\n",
      "Name:\"Swaroop\" Age:\"25\" Marks: \"75\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "To use inheritance, we specify the base class names in a tuple following the class name in the class definition. Next, we observe that the __init__ method of the base class is explicitly called using the self variable so that we can initialize the base class part of the object. This is very important to remember - Since we are defining a __init__ method in Teacher and Student subclasses, Python does not automatically call the constructor of the base class SchoolMember, you have to explicitly call it yourself.\n",
      "In contrast, if we have not defined an __init__ method in a subclass, Python will call the constructor of the base class automatically.\n",
      "We also observe that we can call methods of the base class by prefixing the class name to the method call and then pass in the self variable along with any arguments.\n",
      "Notice that we can treat instances of Teacher or Student as just instances of the SchoolMember when we use the tell method of the SchoolMember class.\n",
      "Also, observe that the tell method of the subtype is called and not the tell method of the SchoolMember class. One way to understand this is that Python always starts looking for methods in the actual type, which in this case it does. If it could not find the method, it starts looking at the methods belonging to its base classes one by one in the order they are specified in the tuple in the class definition.\n",
      "A note on terminology - if more than one class is listed in the inheritance tuple, then it is called multiple inheritance.\n",
      "The end parameter is used in the print function in the superclass's tell() method to print a line and allow the next print to continue on the same line. This is a trick to make print not print a \\n (newline) symbol at the end of the printing.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have now explored the various aspects of classes and objects as well as the various terminologies associated with it. We have also seen the benefits and pitfalls of object-oriented programming. Python is highly object-oriented and understanding these concepts carefully will help you a lot in the long run.\n",
      "Next, we will learn how to deal with input/output and how to access files in Python.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Input and Output \n",
      "There will be situations where your program has to interact with the user. For example, you would want to take input from the user and then print some results back. We can achieve this using the input() function and print function respectively.\n",
      "For output, we can also use the various methods of the str (string) class. For example, you can use the rjust method to get a string which is right justified to a specified width. See help(str) for more details.\n",
      "Another common type of input/output is dealing with files. The ability to create, read and write files is essential to many programs and we will explore this aspect in this chapter.\n",
      "Input from user\n",
      "Save this program as io_input.py:\n",
      "def reverse(text):\n",
      "    return text[::-1]\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def is_palindrome(text):\n",
      "    return text == reverse(text)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "something = input(\"Enter text: \")\n",
      "if is_palindrome(something):\n",
      "    print(\"Yes, it is a palindrome\")\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print(\"No, it is not a palindrome\")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python3 io_input.py\n",
      "Enter text: sir\n",
      "No, it is not a palindrome\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python3 io_input.py\n",
      "Enter text: madam\n",
      "Yes, it is a palindrome\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python3 io_input.py\n",
      "Enter text: racecar\n",
      "Yes, it is a palindrome\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We use the slicing feature to reverse the text. We've already seen how we can make slices from sequences using the seq[a:b] code starting from position a to position b. We can also provide a third argument that determines the step by which the slicing is done. The default step is 1 because of which it returns a continuous part of the text. Giving a negative step, i.e., -1 will return the text in reverse.\n",
      "The input() function takes a string as argument and displays it to the user. Then it waits for the user to type something and press the return key. Once the user has entered and pressed the return key, the input() function will then return that text the user has entered.\n",
      "We take that text and reverse it. If the original text and reversed text are equal, then the text is a palindrome.\n",
      "Homework exercise\n",
      "Checking whether a text is a palindrome should also ignore punctuation, spaces and case. For example, \"Rise to vote, sir.\" is also a palindrome but our current program doesn't say it is. Can you improve the above program to recognize this palindrome?\n",
      "If you need a hint, the idea is that...1\n",
      "Files\n",
      "You can open and use files for reading or writing by creating an object of the file class and using its read, readline or write methods appropriately to read from or write to the file. The ability to read or write to the file depends on the mode you have specified for the file opening. Then finally, when you are finished with the file, you call the close method to tell Python that we are done using the file.\n",
      "Example (save as io_using_file.py):\n",
      "poem = '''\\\n",
      "Programming is fun\n",
      "When the work is done\n",
      "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
      "    use Python!\n",
      "'''\n",
      "\n",
      "# Open for 'w'riting\n",
      "f = open('poem.txt', 'w')\n",
      "# Write text to file\n",
      "f.write(poem)\n",
      "# Close the file\n",
      "f.close()\n",
      "\n",
      "# If no mode is specified,\n",
      "# 'r'ead mode is assumed by default\n",
      "f = open('poem.txt')\n",
      "while True:\n",
      "    line = f.readline()\n",
      "    # Zero length indicates EOF\n",
      "    if len(line) == 0:\n",
      "        break\n",
      "    # The `line` already has a newline\n",
      "    # at the end of each line\n",
      "    # since it is reading from a file.\n",
      "    print(line, end='')\n",
      "# close the file\n",
      "f.close()\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python3 io_using_file.py\n",
      "Programming is fun\n",
      "When the work is done\n",
      "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
      "    use Python!\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "First, open a file by using the built-in open function and specifying the name of the file and the mode in which we want to open the file. The mode can be a read mode ('r'), write mode ('w') or append mode ('a'). We can also specify whether we are reading, writing, or appending in text mode ('t') or binary mode ('b'). There are actually many more modes available and help(open) will give you more details about them. By default, open() considers the file to be a 't'ext file and opens it in 'r'ead mode.\n",
      "In our example, we first open the file in write text mode and use the write method of the file object to write to the file and then we finally close the file.\n",
      "Next, we open the same file again for reading. We don't need to specify a mode because 'read text file' is the default mode. We read in each line of the file using the readline method in a loop. This method returns a complete line including the newline character at the end of the line. When an empty string is returned, it means that we have reached the end of the file and we 'break' out of the loop.\n",
      "In the end, we finally close the file.\n",
      "Now, check the contents of the poem.txt file to confirm that the program has indeed written to and read from that file.\n",
      "Pickle\n",
      "Python provides a standard module called pickle using which you can store any plain Python object in a file and then get it back later. This is called storing the object persistently.\n",
      "Example (save as io_pickle.py):\n",
      "import pickle\n",
      "\n",
      "# The name of the file where we will store the object\n",
      "shoplistfile = 'shoplist.data'\n",
      "# The list of things to buy\n",
      "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']\n",
      "\n",
      "# Write to the file\n",
      "f = open(shoplistfile, 'wb')\n",
      "# Dump the object to a file\n",
      "pickle.dump(shoplist, f)\n",
      "f.close()\n",
      "\n",
      "# Destroy the shoplist variable\n",
      "del shoplist\n",
      "\n",
      "# Read back from the storage\n",
      "f = open(shoplistfile, 'rb')\n",
      "# Load the object from the file\n",
      "storedlist = pickle.load(f)\n",
      "print(storedlist)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python io_pickle.py\n",
      "['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "To store an object in a file, we have to first open the file in write binary mode and then call the dump function of the pickle module. This process is called pickling.\n",
      "Next, we retrieve the object using the load function of the pickle module which returns the object. This process is called unpickling.\n",
      "Unicode\n",
      "So far, when we have been writing and using strings, or reading and writing to a file, we have used simple English characters only.\n",
      "\n",
      "NOTE: If you are using Python 2, and we want to be able to read and write other non-English languages, we need to use the unicode type, and it all starts with the character u, e.g. u\"hello world\"\n",
      "\n",
      ">>> \"hello world\"\n",
      "'hello world'\n",
      ">>> type(\"hello world\")\n",
      "<class 'str'>\n",
      ">>> u\"hello world\"\n",
      "'hello world'\n",
      ">>> type(u\"hello world\")\n",
      "<class 'str'>\n",
      "\n",
      "When we read or write to a file or when we talk to other computers on the Internet, we need to convert our unicode strings into a format that can be sent and received, and that format is called \"UTF-8\". We can read and write in that format, using a simple keyword argument to our standard open function:\n",
      "# encoding=utf-8\n",
      "import io\n",
      "\n",
      "f = io.open(\"abc.txt\", \"wt\", encoding=\"utf-8\")\n",
      "f.write(u\"Imagine non-English language here\")\n",
      "f.close()\n",
      "\n",
      "text = io.open(\"abc.txt\", encoding=\"utf-8\").read()\n",
      "print(text)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "You can ignore the import statement for now, we'll explore that in detail in the modules chapter.\n",
      "Whenever we write a program that uses Unicode literals like we have used above, we have to make sure that Python itself is told that our program uses UTF-8, and we have to put # encoding=utf-8 comment at the top of our program.\n",
      "We use io.open and provide the \"encoding\" and \"decoding\" argument to tell Python that we are using unicode.\n",
      "You should learn more about this topic by reading:\n",
      "\n",
      "\"The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets\"\n",
      "Python Unicode Howto\n",
      "Pragmatic Unicode talk by Nat Batchelder\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have discussed various types of input/output, about file handling, about the pickle module and about Unicode.\n",
      "Next, we will explore the concept of exceptions.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Use a tuple (you can find a list of all punctuation marks here) to hold all the forbidden characters, then use the membership test to determine whether a character should be removed or not, i.e. forbidden = (!, ?, ., ...). ↩\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Exceptions\n",
      "Exceptions occur when exceptional situations occur in your program. For example, what if you are going to read a file and the file does not exist? Or what if you accidentally deleted it when the program was running? Such situations are handled using exceptions.\n",
      "Similarly, what if your program had some invalid statements? This is handled by Python which raises its hands and tells you there is an error.\n",
      "Errors\n",
      "Consider a simple print function call. What if we misspelt print as Print? Note the capitalization. In this case, Python raises a syntax error.\n",
      ">>> Print(\"Hello World\")\n",
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
      "NameError: name 'Print' is not defined\n",
      ">>> print(\"Hello World\")\n",
      "Hello World\n",
      "\n",
      "Observe that a NameError is raised and also the location where the error was detected is printed. This is what an error handler for this error does.\n",
      "Exceptions\n",
      "We will try to read input from the user. Press [ctrl-d], (or [ctrl-z] if you are using Windows), and see what happens.\n",
      ">>> s = input('Enter something --> ')\n",
      "Enter something --> Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
      "EOFError\n",
      "\n",
      "Python raises an error called EOFError which basically means it found an end of file symbol (which is represented by ctrl-d) when it did not expect to see it.\n",
      "Handling Exceptions\n",
      "We can handle exceptions using the try..except statement.  We basically put our usual statements within the try-block and put all our error handlers in the except-block.\n",
      "Example (save as exceptions_handle.py):\n",
      "try:\n",
      "    text = input('Enter something --> ')\n",
      "except EOFError:\n",
      "    print('Why did you do an EOF on me?')\n",
      "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
      "    print('You cancelled the operation.')\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('You entered {}'.format(text))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "# Press ctrl + d\n",
      "$ python exceptions_handle.py\n",
      "Enter something --> Why did you do an EOF on me?\n",
      "\n",
      "# Press ctrl + c\n",
      "$ python exceptions_handle.py\n",
      "Enter something --> ^CYou cancelled the operation.\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python exceptions_handle.py\n",
      "Enter something --> No exceptions\n",
      "You entered No exceptions\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We put all the statements that might raise exceptions/errors inside the try block and then put handlers for the appropriate errors/exceptions in the except clause/block. The except clause can handle a single specified error or exception, or a parenthesized list of errors/exceptions. If no names of errors or exceptions are supplied, it will handle all errors and exceptions.\n",
      "Note that there has to be at least one except clause associated with every try clause. Otherwise, what's the point of having a try block?\n",
      "If any error or exception is not handled, then the default Python handler is called which just stops the execution of the program and prints an error message. We have already seen this in action above.\n",
      "You can also have an else clause associated with a try..except block. The else clause is executed if no exception occurs.\n",
      "In the next example, we will also see how to get the exception object so that we can retrieve additional information.\n",
      "Raising Exceptions\n",
      "You can raise exceptions using the raise statement by providing the name of the error/exception and the exception object that is to be thrown.\n",
      "The error or exception that you can raise should be a class which directly or indirectly must be a derived class of the Exception class.\n",
      "Example (save as exceptions_raise.py):\n",
      "class ShortInputException(Exception):\n",
      "    '''A user-defined exception class.'''\n",
      "    def __init__(self, length, atleast):\n",
      "        Exception.__init__(self)\n",
      "        self.length = length\n",
      "        self.atleast = atleast\n",
      "\n",
      "try:\n",
      "    text = input('Enter something --> ')\n",
      "    if len(text) < 3:\n",
      "        raise ShortInputException(len(text), 3)\n",
      "    # Other work can continue as usual here\n",
      "except EOFError:\n",
      "    print('Why did you do an EOF on me?')\n",
      "except ShortInputException as ex:\n",
      "    print(('ShortInputException: The input was ' +\n",
      "           '{0} long, expected at least {1}')\n",
      "          .format(ex.length, ex.atleast))\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print('No exception was raised.')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python exceptions_raise.py\n",
      "Enter something --> a\n",
      "ShortInputException: The input was 1 long, expected at least 3\n",
      "\n",
      "$ python exceptions_raise.py\n",
      "Enter something --> abc\n",
      "No exception was raised.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here, we are creating our own exception type. This new exception type is called ShortInputException. It has two fields - length which is the length of the given input, and atleast which is the minimum length that the program was expecting.\n",
      "In the except clause, we mention the class of error which will be stored as the variable name to hold the corresponding error/exception object. This is analogous to parameters and arguments in a function call. Within this particular except clause, we use the length and atleast fields of the exception object to print an appropriate message to the user.\n",
      "Try ... Finally \n",
      "Suppose you are reading a file in your program. How do you ensure that the file object is closed properly whether or not an exception was raised? This can be done using the finally block.\n",
      "Save this program as exceptions_finally.py:\n",
      "import sys\n",
      "import time\n",
      "\n",
      "f = None\n",
      "try:\n",
      "    f = open(\"poem.txt\")\n",
      "    # Our usual file-reading idiom\n",
      "    while True:\n",
      "        line = f.readline()\n",
      "        if len(line) == 0:\n",
      "            break\n",
      "        print(line, end='')\n",
      "        sys.stdout.flush()\n",
      "        print(\"Press ctrl+c now\")\n",
      "        # To make sure it runs for a while\n",
      "        time.sleep(2)\n",
      "except IOError:\n",
      "    print(\"Could not find file poem.txt\")\n",
      "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
      "    print(\"!! You cancelled the reading from the file.\")\n",
      "finally:\n",
      "    if f:\n",
      "        f.close()\n",
      "    print(\"(Cleaning up: Closed the file)\")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python exceptions_finally.py\n",
      "Programming is fun\n",
      "Press ctrl+c now\n",
      "^C!! You cancelled the reading from the file.\n",
      "(Cleaning up: Closed the file)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We do the usual file-reading stuff, but we have arbitrarily introduced sleeping for 2 seconds after printing each line using the time.sleep function so that the program runs slowly (Python is very fast by nature). When the program is still running, press ctrl + c to interrupt/cancel the program.\n",
      "Observe that the KeyboardInterrupt exception is thrown and the program quits. However, before the program exits, the finally clause is executed and the file object is always closed.\n",
      "Note that we use sys.stdout.flush() after print so that it prints to the screen immediately.\n",
      "The with statement \n",
      "Acquiring a resource in the try block and subsequently releasing the resource in the finally block is a common pattern. Hence, there is also a with statement that enables this to be done in a clean manner:\n",
      "Save as exceptions_using_with.py:\n",
      "with open(\"poem.txt\") as f:\n",
      "    for line in f:\n",
      "        print(line, end='')\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The output should be same as the previous example. The difference here is that we are using the open function with the with statement - we leave the closing of the file to be done automatically by with open.\n",
      "What happens behind the scenes is that there is a protocol used by the with statement. It fetches the object returned by the open statement, let's call it \"thefile\" in this case.\n",
      "It always calls the thefile.__enter__ function before starting the block of code under it and always calls thefile.__exit__ after finishing the block of code.\n",
      "So the code that we would have written in a finally block should be taken care of automatically by the __exit__ method. This is what helps us to avoid having to use explicit try..finally statements repeatedly.\n",
      "More discussion on this topic is beyond scope of this book, so please refer PEP 343 for a comprehensive explanation.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have discussed the usage of the try..except and try..finally statements. We have seen how to create our own exception types and how to raise exceptions as well.\n",
      "Next, we will explore the Python Standard Library.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Standard Library \n",
      "The Python Standard Library contains a huge number of useful modules and is part of every standard Python installation. It is important to become familiar with the Python Standard Library since many problems can be solved quickly if you are familiar with the range of things that these libraries can do.\n",
      "We will explore some of the commonly used modules in this library. You can find complete details for all of the modules in the Python Standard Library in the 'Library Reference' section of the documentation that comes with your Python installation.\n",
      "Let us explore a few useful modules.\n",
      "\n",
      "CAUTION: If you find the topics in this chapter too advanced, you may skip this chapter. However, I highly recommend coming back to this chapter when you are more comfortable with programming using Python.\n",
      "\n",
      "sys module \n",
      "The sys module contains system-specific functionality. We have already seen that the sys.argv list contains the command-line arguments.\n",
      "Suppose we want to check the version of the Python software being used, the sys module gives us that information.\n",
      "\n",
      ">>> import sys\n",
      ">>> sys.version_info\n",
      "sys.version_info(major=3, minor=6, micro=0, releaselevel='final', serial=0)\n",
      ">>> sys.version_info.major == 3\n",
      "True\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "The sys module has a version_info tuple that gives us the version information. The first entry is the major version. We can pull out this information to use it.\n",
      "logging module \n",
      "What if you wanted to have some debugging messages or important messages to be stored somewhere so that you can check whether your program has been running as you would expect it? How do you \"store somewhere\" these messages? This can be achieved using the logging module.\n",
      "Save as stdlib_logging.py:\n",
      "import os\n",
      "import platform\n",
      "import logging\n",
      "\n",
      "if platform.platform().startswith('Windows'):\n",
      "    logging_file = os.path.join(os.getenv('HOMEDRIVE'),\n",
      "                                os.getenv('HOMEPATH'),\n",
      "                                'test.log')\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    logging_file = os.path.join(os.getenv('HOME'),\n",
      "                                'test.log')\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"Logging to\", logging_file)\n",
      "\n",
      "logging.basicConfig(\n",
      "    level=logging.DEBUG,\n",
      "    format='%(asctime)s : %(levelname)s : %(message)s',\n",
      "    filename=logging_file,\n",
      "    filemode='w',\n",
      ")\n",
      "\n",
      "logging.debug(\"Start of the program\")\n",
      "logging.info(\"Doing something\")\n",
      "logging.warning(\"Dying now\")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python stdlib_logging.py\n",
      "Logging to /Users/swa/test.log\n",
      "\n",
      "$ cat /Users/swa/test.log\n",
      "2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : DEBUG : Start of the program\n",
      "2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : INFO : Doing something\n",
      "2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : WARNING : Dying now\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "If you do not have the cat command, then you can just open the test.log file in a text editor.\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "We use three modules from the standard library - the os module for interacting with the operating system, the platform module for information about the platform i.e. the operating system and the logging module to log information.\n",
      "First, we check which operating system we are using by checking the string returned by platform.platform() (for more information, see import platform; help(platform)). If it is Windows, we figure out the home drive, the home folder and the filename where we want to store the information. Putting these three parts together, we get the full location of the file. For other platforms, we need to know just the home folder of the user and we get the full location of the file.\n",
      "We use the os.path.join() function to put these three parts of the location together. The reason to use a special function rather than just adding the strings together is because this function will ensure the full location matches the format expected by the operating system.\n",
      "We configure the logging module to write all the messages in a particular format to the file we have specified.\n",
      "Finally, we can put messages that are either meant for debugging, information, warning or even critical messages. Once the program has run, we can check this file and we will know what happened in the program, even though no information was displayed to the user running the program.\n",
      "Module of the Week Series \n",
      "There is much more to be explored in the standard library such as debugging,\n",
      "handling command line options, regular expressions and so on.\n",
      "The best way to further explore the standard library is to read Doug Hellmann's excellent Python Module of the Week series (also available as a book) and reading the Python documentation.\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have explored some of the functionality of many modules in the Python Standard Library. It is highly recommended to browse through the Python Standard Library documentation to get an idea of all the modules that are available.\n",
      "Next, we will cover various aspects of Python that will make our tour of Python more complete.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                More\n",
      "So far we have covered a majority of the various aspects of Python that you will use. In this chapter, we will cover some more aspects that will make our knowledge of Python more well-rounded.\n",
      "Passing tuples around\n",
      "Ever wished you could return two different values from a function? You can. All you have to do is use a tuple.\n",
      ">>> def get_error_details():\n",
      "...     return (2, 'details')\n",
      "...\n",
      ">>> errnum, errstr = get_error_details()\n",
      ">>> errnum\n",
      "2\n",
      ">>> errstr\n",
      "'details'\n",
      "\n",
      "Notice that the usage of a, b = <some expression> interprets the result of the expression as a tuple with two values.\n",
      "This also means the fastest way to swap two variables in Python is:\n",
      ">>> a = 5; b = 8\n",
      ">>> a, b\n",
      "(5, 8)\n",
      ">>> a, b = b, a\n",
      ">>> a, b\n",
      "(8, 5)\n",
      "\n",
      "Special Methods\n",
      "There are certain methods such as the __init__ and __del__ methods which have special significance in classes.\n",
      "Special methods are used to mimic certain behaviors of built-in types. For example, if you want to use the x[key] indexing operation for your class (just like you use it for lists and tuples), then all you have to do is implement the __getitem__() method and your job is done. If you think about it, this is what Python does for the list class itself!\n",
      "Some useful special methods are listed in the following table. If you want to know about all the special methods, see the manual.\n",
      "\n",
      "__init__(self, ...)\n",
      "\n",
      "This method is called just before the newly created object is returned for usage.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "__del__(self)\n",
      "\n",
      "Called just before the object is destroyed (which has unpredictable timing, so avoid using this)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "__str__(self)\n",
      "\n",
      "Called when we use the print function or when str() is used.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "__lt__(self, other)\n",
      "\n",
      "Called when the less than operator (<) is used. Similarly, there are special methods for all the operators (+, >, etc.)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "__getitem__(self, key)\n",
      "\n",
      "Called when x[key] indexing operation is used.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "__len__(self)\n",
      "\n",
      "Called when the built-in len() function is used for the sequence object.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Single Statement Blocks\n",
      "We have seen that each block of statements is set apart from the rest by its own indentation level. Well, there is one caveat. If your block of statements contains only one single statement, then you can specify it on the same line of, say, a conditional statement or looping statement. The following example should make this clear:\n",
      ">>> flag = True\n",
      ">>> if flag: print('Yes')\n",
      "...\n",
      "Yes\n",
      "\n",
      "Notice that the single statement is used in-place and not as a separate block.  Although, you can use this for making your program smaller, I strongly recommend avoiding this short-cut method, except for error checking, mainly because it will be much easier to add an extra statement if you are using proper indentation.\n",
      "Lambda Forms\n",
      "A lambda statement is used to create new function objects. Essentially, the lambda takes a parameter followed by a single expression. Lambda becomes the body of the function. The value of this expression is returned by the new function.\n",
      "Example (save as more_lambda.py):\n",
      "points = [{'x': 2, 'y': 3},\n",
      "          {'x': 4, 'y': 1}]\n",
      "points.sort(key=lambda i: i['y'])\n",
      "print(points)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python more_lambda.py\n",
      "[{'y': 1, 'x': 4}, {'y': 3, 'x': 2}]\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Notice that the sort method of a list can take a key parameter which determines how the list is sorted (usually we know only about ascending or descending order). In our case, we want to do a custom sort, and for that we need to write a function. Instead of writing a separate def block for a function that will get used in only this one place, we use a lambda expression to create a new function.\n",
      "List Comprehension\n",
      "List comprehensions are used to derive a new list from an existing list. Suppose you have a list of numbers and you want to get a corresponding list with all the numbers multiplied by 2 only when the number itself is greater than 2. List comprehensions are ideal for such situations.\n",
      "Example (save as more_list_comprehension.py):\n",
      "listone = [2, 3, 4]\n",
      "listtwo = [2*i for i in listone if i > 2]\n",
      "print(listtwo)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python more_list_comprehension.py\n",
      "[6, 8]\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "Here, we derive a new list by specifying the manipulation to be done (2*i) when some condition is satisfied (if i > 2). Note that the original list remains unmodified.\n",
      "The advantage of using list comprehensions is that it reduces the amount of boilerplate code required when we use loops to process each element of a list and store it in a new list.\n",
      "Receiving Tuples and Dictionaries in Functions\n",
      "There is a special way of receiving parameters to a function as a tuple or a dictionary using the * or ** prefix respectively. This is useful when taking variable number of arguments in the function.\n",
      ">>> def powersum(power, *args):\n",
      "...     '''Return the sum of each argument raised to the specified power.'''\n",
      "...     total = 0\n",
      "...     for i in args:\n",
      "...         total += pow(i, power)\n",
      "...     return total\n",
      "...\n",
      ">>> powersum(2, 3, 4)\n",
      "25\n",
      ">>> powersum(2, 10)\n",
      "100\n",
      "\n",
      "Because we have a * prefix on the args variable, all extra arguments passed to the function are stored in args as a tuple.  If a ** prefix had been used instead, the extra parameters would be considered to be key/value pairs of a dictionary.\n",
      "The assert statement \n",
      "The assert statement is used to assert that something is true. For example, if you are very sure that you will have at least one element in a list you are using and want to check this, and raise an error if it is not true, then assert statement is ideal in this situation. When the assert statement fails, an AssertionError is raised.\n",
      "The pop() method removes and returns the last item from the list.\n",
      ">>> mylist = ['item']\n",
      ">>> assert len(mylist) >= 1\n",
      ">>> mylist.pop()\n",
      "'item'\n",
      ">>> assert len(mylist) >= 1\n",
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
      "AssertionError\n",
      "\n",
      "The assert statement should be used judiciously. Most of the time, it is better to catch exceptions, either handle the problem or display an error message to the user and then quit.\n",
      "Decorators \n",
      "Decorators are a shortcut to applying wrapper functions. This is helpful to \"wrap\" functionality with the same code over and over again. For example, I created a retry decorator for myself that I can just apply to any function and if any exception is thrown during a run, it is retried again, till a maximum of 5 times and with a delay between each retry. This is especially useful for situations where you are trying to make a network call to a remote computer:\n",
      "from time import sleep\n",
      "from functools import wraps\n",
      "import logging\n",
      "logging.basicConfig()\n",
      "log = logging.getLogger(\"retry\")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def retry(f):\n",
      "    @wraps(f)\n",
      "    def wrapped_f(*args, **kwargs):\n",
      "        MAX_ATTEMPTS = 5\n",
      "        for attempt in range(1, MAX_ATTEMPTS + 1):\n",
      "            try:\n",
      "                return f(*args, **kwargs)\n",
      "            except:\n",
      "                log.exception(\"Attempt %s/%s failed : %s\",\n",
      "                              attempt,\n",
      "                              MAX_ATTEMPTS,\n",
      "                              (args, kwargs))\n",
      "                sleep(10 * attempt)\n",
      "        log.critical(\"All %s attempts failed : %s\",\n",
      "                     MAX_ATTEMPTS,\n",
      "                     (args, kwargs))\n",
      "    return wrapped_f\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "counter = 0\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "@retry\n",
      "def save_to_database(arg):\n",
      "    print(\"Write to a database or make a network call or etc.\")\n",
      "    print(\"This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.\")\n",
      "    global counter\n",
      "    counter += 1\n",
      "    # This will throw an exception in the first call\n",
      "    # And will work fine in the second call (i.e. a retry)\n",
      "    if counter < 2:\n",
      "        raise ValueError(arg)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "if __name__ == '__main__':\n",
      "    save_to_database(\"Some bad value\")\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output:\n",
      "$ python more_decorator.py\n",
      "Write to a database or make a network call or etc.\n",
      "This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.\n",
      "ERROR:retry:Attempt 1/5 failed : (('Some bad value',), {})\n",
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"more_decorator.py\", line 14, in wrapped_f\n",
      "    return f(*args, **kwargs)\n",
      "  File \"more_decorator.py\", line 39, in save_to_database\n",
      "    raise ValueError(arg)\n",
      "ValueError: Some bad value\n",
      "Write to a database or make a network call or etc.\n",
      "This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "How It Works\n",
      "See:\n",
      "\n",
      "http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpdecor.html\n",
      "http://toumorokoshi.github.io/dry-principles-through-python-decorators.html\n",
      "\n",
      "Differences between Python 2 and Python 3 \n",
      "See:\n",
      "\n",
      "\"Six\" library\n",
      "Porting to Python 3 Redux by Armin\n",
      "Python 3 experience by PyDanny\n",
      "Official Django Guide to Porting to Python 3\n",
      "Discussion on What are the advantages to python 3.x?\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have covered some more features of Python in this chapter and yet we haven't covered all the features of Python. However, at this stage, we have covered most of what you are ever going to use in practice. This is sufficient for you to get started with whatever programs you are going to create.\n",
      "Next, we will discuss how to explore Python further.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                What Next\n",
      "If you have read this book thoroughly till now and practiced writing a lot of programs, then you must have become comfortable and familiar with Python. You have probably created some Python programs to try out stuff and to exercise your Python skills as well. If you have not done it already, you should. The question now is 'What Next?'.\n",
      "I would suggest that you tackle this problem:\n",
      "\n",
      "Create your own command-line address-book program using which you can browse, add, modify, delete or search for your contacts such as friends, family and colleagues and their information such as email address and/or phone number. Details must be stored for later retrieval.\n",
      "\n",
      "This is fairly easy if you think about it in terms of all the various stuff that we have come across till now. If you still want directions on how to proceed, then here's a hint 1.\n",
      "Once you are able to do this, you can claim to be a Python programmer. Now, immediately send me an email thanking me for this great book ;-). This step is optional but recommended. Also, please consider buying a printed copy to support the continued development of this book.\n",
      "If you found that program easy, here's another one:\n",
      "\n",
      "Implement the replace command. This command will replace one string with another in the list of files provided.\n",
      "\n",
      "The replace command can be as simple or as sophisticated as you wish, from simple string substitution to looking for patterns (regular expressions).\n",
      "Next Projects\n",
      "If you found above programs easy to create, then look at this comprehensive list of projects and try writing your own programs: https://github.com/thekarangoel/Projects#numbers (the same list is also at Martyr2's Mega Project List).\n",
      "Also see:\n",
      "\n",
      "Exercises for Programmers: 57 Challenges to Develop Your Coding Skills\n",
      "Intermediate Python Projects.\n",
      "\n",
      "Example Code\n",
      "The best way to learn a programming language is to write a lot of code and read a lot of code:\n",
      "\n",
      "Python Cookbook is an extremely valuable collection of recipes or tips on how to solve certain kinds of problems using Python. This is a must-read for every Python user.\n",
      "Python Module of the Week is another excellent must-read guide to the Standard Library.\n",
      "\n",
      "Advice\n",
      "\n",
      "The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python!\n",
      "The Elements of Python Style\n",
      "Python Big Picture\n",
      "\"Writing Idiomatic Python\" ebook (paid)\n",
      "\n",
      "Videos\n",
      "\n",
      "Full Stack Web Development with Flask\n",
      "PyVideo\n",
      "\n",
      "Questions and Answers\n",
      "\n",
      "Official Python Dos and Don'ts\n",
      "Official Python FAQ\n",
      "Norvig's list of Infrequently Asked Questions\n",
      "Python Interview Q & A\n",
      "StackOverflow questions tagged with python\n",
      "\n",
      "Tutorials\n",
      "\n",
      "Hidden features of Python\n",
      "What's the one code snippet/python trick/etc did you wish you knew when you learned python?\n",
      "Awaretek's comprehensive list of Python tutorials\n",
      "\n",
      "Discussion\n",
      "If you are stuck with a Python problem, and don't know whom to ask, then the python-tutor list is the best place to ask your question.\n",
      "Make sure you do your homework by trying to solving the problem yourself first and ask smart questions.\n",
      "News\n",
      "If you want to learn what is the latest in the world of Python, then follow the Official Python Planet.\n",
      "Installing libraries\n",
      "There are a huge number of open source libraries at the Python Package Index which you can use in your own programs.\n",
      "To install and use these libraries, you can use pip.\n",
      "Creating a Website\n",
      "Learn Flask to create your own website. Some resources to get started:\n",
      "\n",
      "Flask Official Quickstart\n",
      "The Flask Mega-Tutorial\n",
      "Example Flask Projects\n",
      "\n",
      "Graphical Software\n",
      "Suppose you want to create your own graphical programs using Python. This can be done using a GUI (Graphical User Interface) library with their Python bindings. Bindings are what allow you to write programs in Python and use the libraries which are themselves written in C or C++ or other languages.\n",
      "There are lots of choices for GUI using Python:\n",
      "\n",
      "Kivy\n",
      "\n",
      "http://kivy.org\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "PyGTK\n",
      "\n",
      "This is the Python binding for the GTK+ toolkit which is the foundation upon which GNOME is built. GTK+ has many quirks in usage but once you become comfortable, you can create GUI apps fast. The Glade graphical interface designer is indispensable. The documentation is yet to improve. GTK+ works well on GNU/Linux but its port to Windows is incomplete. You can create both free as well as proprietary software using GTK+. To get started, read the PyGTK tutorial.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "PyQt\n",
      "\n",
      "This is the Python binding for the Qt toolkit which is the foundation upon which the KDE is built. Qt is extremely easy to use and very powerful especially due to the Qt Designer and the amazing Qt documentation. PyQt is free if you want to create open source (GPL'ed) software and you need to buy it if you want to create proprietary closed source software. Starting with Qt 4.5 you can use it to create non-GPL software as well. To get started, read about PySide.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "wxPython\n",
      "\n",
      "This is the Python bindings for the wxWidgets toolkit. wxPython has a learning curve associated with it. However, it is very portable and runs on GNU/Linux, Windows, Mac and even embedded platforms. There are many IDEs available for wxPython which include GUI designers as well such as SPE (Stani's Python Editor) and the wxGlade GUI builder. You can create free as well as proprietary software using wxPython. To get started, read the wxPython tutorial. \n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary of GUI Tools\n",
      "For more choices, see the GuiProgramming wiki page at the official python website.\n",
      "Unfortunately, there is no one standard GUI tool for Python. I suggest that you choose one of the above tools depending on your situation. The first factor is whether you are willing to pay to use any of the GUI tools. The second factor is whether you want the program to run only on Windows or on Mac and GNU/Linux or all of them. The third factor, if GNU/Linux is a chosen platform, is whether you are a KDE or GNOME user on GNU/Linux.\n",
      "For a more detailed and comprehensive analysis, see Page 26 of the 'The Python Papers, Volume 3, Issue 1' (PDF).\n",
      "Various Implementations\n",
      "There are usually two parts a programming language - the language and the software. A language is how you write something. The software is what actually runs our programs.\n",
      "We have been using the CPython software to run our programs. It is referred to as CPython because it is written in the C language and is the Classical Python interpreter.\n",
      "There are also other software that can run your Python programs:\n",
      "\n",
      "Jython\n",
      "\n",
      "A Python implementation that runs on the Java platform. This means you can use Java libraries and classes from within Python language and vice-versa.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "IronPython\n",
      "\n",
      "A Python implementation that runs on the .NET platform. This means you can use .NET libraries and classes from within Python language and vice-versa.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "PyPy\n",
      "\n",
      "A Python implementation written in Python! This is a research project to make it fast and easy to improve the interpreter since the interpreter itself is written in a dynamic language (as opposed to static languages such as C, Java or C# in the above three implementations)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "There are also others such as CLPython - a Python implementation written in Common Lisp and Brython which is an implementation on top of a JavaScript interpreter which could mean that you can use Python (instead of JavaScript) to write your web-browser (\"Ajax\") programs.\n",
      "Each of these implementations have their specialized areas where they are useful.\n",
      "Functional Programming (for advanced readers) \n",
      "When you start writing larger programs, you should definitely learn more about a functional approach to programming as opposed to the class-based approach to programming that we learned in the object-oriented programming chapter:\n",
      "\n",
      "Functional Programming Howto by A.M. Kuchling\n",
      "Functional programming chapter in 'Dive Into Python' book\n",
      "Functional Programming with Python presentation\n",
      "Funcy library\n",
      "PyToolz library\n",
      "\n",
      "Summary\n",
      "We have now come to the end of this book but, as they say, this is the the beginning of the end!. You are now an avid Python user and you are no doubt ready to solve many problems using Python. You can start automating your computer to do all kinds of previously unimaginable things or write your own games and much much more. So, get started!\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Create a class to represent the person's information. Use a dictionary to store person objects with their name as the key. Use the pickle module to store the objects persistently on your hard disk. Use the dictionary built-in methods to add, delete and modify the persons. ↩\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Appendix: FLOSS \n",
      "\n",
      "NOTE: Please note that this section was written in 2003, so some of this will sound quaint to you :-)\n",
      "\n",
      "\"Free/Libre and Open Source Software\", in short, FLOSS is based on the concept of a community, which itself is based on the concept of sharing, and particularly the sharing of knowledge. FLOSS are free for usage, modification and redistribution.\n",
      "If you have already read this book, then you are already familiar with FLOSS since you have been using Python all along and Python is an open source software!\n",
      "Here are some examples of FLOSS to give an idea of the kind of things that community sharing and building can create:\n",
      "Linux: This is a FLOSS OS kernel used in the GNU/Linux operating system. Linux, the kernel, was started by Linus Torvalds as a student. Android is based on Linux. Any website you use these days will mostly be running on Linux.\n",
      "Ubuntu: This is a community-driven distribution, sponsored by Canonical and it is the most popular GNU/Linux distribution today. It allows you to install a plethora of FLOSS available and all this in an easy-to-use and easy-to-install manner. Best of all, you can just reboot your computer and run GNU/Linux off the CD! This allows you to completely try out the new OS before installing it on your computer. However, Ubuntu is not entirely free software; it contains proprietary drivers, firmware, and applications.\n",
      "LibreOffice: This is an excellent community-driven and developed office suite with a writer, presentation, spreadsheet and drawing components among other things. It can even open and edit MS Word and MS PowerPoint files with ease. It runs on almost all platforms and is entirely free, libre and open source software.\n",
      "Mozilla Firefox: This is the best web browser. It is blazingly fast and has gained critical acclaim for its sensible and impressive features. The extensions concept allows any kind of plugins to be used.\n",
      "Mono: This is an open source implementation of the Microsoft .NET platform.  It allows .NET applications to be created and run on GNU/Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS and many other platforms as well.\n",
      "Apache web server: This is the popular open source web server. In fact, it is the most popular web server on the planet! It runs nearly more than half of the websites out there. Yes, that's right - Apache handles more websites than all the competition (including Microsoft IIS) combined.\n",
      "VLC Player: This is a video player that can play anything from DivX to MP3 to Ogg to VCDs and DVDs to ... who says open source ain't fun? ;-)\n",
      "This list is just intended to give you a brief idea - there are many more excellent FLOSS out there, such as the Perl language, PHP language, Drupal content management system for websites, PostgreSQL database server, TORCS racing game, KDevelop IDE, Xine - the movie player, VIM editor, Quanta+ editor, Banshee audio player, GIMP image editing program, ... This list could go on forever.\n",
      "To get the latest buzz in the FLOSS world, check out the following websites:\n",
      "\n",
      "OMG! Ubuntu!\n",
      "Web Upd8\n",
      "DistroWatch\n",
      "Planet Debian\n",
      "\n",
      "Visit the following websites for more information on FLOSS:\n",
      "\n",
      "GitHub Explore\n",
      "Code Triage\n",
      "SourceForge\n",
      "FreshMeat\n",
      "\n",
      "So, go ahead and explore the vast, free and open world of FLOSS!\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Appendix: Colophon \n",
      "Almost all of the software that I have used in the creation of this book are FLOSS.\n",
      "Birth of the Book\n",
      "In the first draft of this book, I had used Red Hat 9.0 Linux as the foundation of my setup and in the sixth draft, I used Fedora Core 3 Linux as the basis of my setup.\n",
      "Initially, I was using KWord to write the book (as explained in the history lesson).\n",
      "Teenage Years\n",
      "Later, I switched to DocBook XML using Kate but I found it too tedious. So, I switched to OpenOffice which was just excellent with the level of control it provided for formatting as well as the PDF generation, but it produced very sloppy HTML from the document.\n",
      "Finally, I discovered XEmacs and I rewrote the book from scratch in DocBook XML (again) after I decided that this format was the long term solution.\n",
      "In the sixth draft, I decided to use Quanta+ to do all the editing. The standard XSL stylesheets that came with Fedora Core 3 Linux were being used. However, I had written a CSS document to give color and style to the HTML pages. I had also written a crude lexical analyzer, in Python of course, which automatically provides syntax highlighting to all the program listings.\n",
      "For the seventh draft, I was using MediaWiki as the basis of my setup. I used to edit everything online and the readers can directly read/edit/discuss within the wiki website, but I ended up spending more time fighting spam than writing.\n",
      "For the eight draft, I used Vim, Pandoc, and Mac OS X.\n",
      "For the ninth draft, I switched to AsciiDoc format and used Emacs 24.3,\n",
      "tomorrow theme,\n",
      "Fira Mono font and adoc-mode to write.\n",
      "Now\n",
      "2016: I got tired of several minor rendering issues in AsciiDoctor, like the ++ in C/C++ would disappear and it was hard to keep track of escaping such minor things. Plus, I had become reluctant to edit the text because of the complex Asciidoc format.\n",
      "For the tenth draft, I switched to writing in Markdown + GitBook format, using the Spacemacs editor.\n",
      "About the Author\n",
      "See https://www.swaroopch.com/about/\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Appendix: History Lesson \n",
      "I first started with Python when I needed to write an installer for software I had written called 'Diamond' so that I could make the installation easy. I had to choose between Python and Perl bindings for the Qt library. I did some research on the web and I came across an article by Eric S. Raymond, a famous and respected hacker, where he talked about how Python had become his favorite programming language. I also found out that the PyQt bindings were more mature compared to Perl-Qt. So, I decided that Python was the language for me.\n",
      "Then, I started searching for a good book on Python. I couldn't find any!  I did find some O'Reilly books but they were either too expensive or were more like a reference manual than a guide. So, I settled for the documentation that came with Python. However, it was too brief and small. It did give a good idea about Python but was not complete. I managed with it since I had previous programming experience, but it was unsuitable for newbies.\n",
      "About six months after my first brush with Python, I installed the (then) latest Red Hat 9.0 Linux and I was playing around with KWord. I got excited about it and suddenly got the idea of writing some stuff on Python. I started writing a few pages but it quickly became 30 pages long. Then, I became serious about making it more useful in a book form. After a lot of rewrites, it has reached a stage where it has become a useful guide to learning the Python language.  I consider this book to be my contribution and tribute to the open source community.\n",
      "This book started out as my personal notes on Python and I still consider it in the same way, although I've taken a lot of effort to make it more palatable to others :)\n",
      "In the true spirit of open source, I have received lots of constructive suggestions, criticisms and feedback from enthusiastic readers which has helped me improve this book a lot.\n",
      "Status Of The Book\n",
      "The book needs the help of its readers such as yourselves to point out any parts of the book which are not good, not comprehensible or are simply wrong. Please write to the main author or the respective translators with your comments and suggestions.\n",
      "Appendix: Revision History \n",
      "\n",
      "4.0\n",
      "\n",
      "19 Jan 2016\n",
      "Switched back to Python 3\n",
      "Switched back to Markdown, using GitBook and Spacemacs\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "3.0\n",
      "\n",
      "31 Mar 2014\n",
      "Rewritten for Python 2 using AsciiDoc and adoc-mode.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "2.1\n",
      "\n",
      "03 Aug 2013\n",
      "Rewritten using Markdown and Jason Blevins' Markdown Mode\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "2.0\n",
      "\n",
      "20 Oct 2012\n",
      "Rewritten in Pandoc format, thanks to my wife who did most of the conversion from the Mediawiki format\n",
      "Simplifying text, removing non-essential sections such as nonlocal and metaclasses\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.90\n",
      "\n",
      "04 Sep 2008 and still in progress\n",
      "Revival after a gap of 3.5 years!\n",
      "Rewriting for Python 3.0\n",
      "Rewrite using http://www.mediawiki.org[MediaWiki] (again)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.20\n",
      "\n",
      "13 Jan 2005\n",
      "Complete rewrite using Quanta+ on Fedora Core 3 with lot of corrections and updates. Many new examples. Rewrote my DocBook setup from scratch.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.15\n",
      "\n",
      "28 Mar 2004\n",
      "Minor revisions\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.12\n",
      "\n",
      "16 Mar 2004\n",
      "Additions and corrections\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.10\n",
      "\n",
      "09 Mar 2004\n",
      "More typo corrections, thanks to many enthusiastic and helpful readers.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "\n",
      "08 Mar 2004\n",
      "After tremendous feedback and suggestions from readers, I have made significant revisions to the content along with typo corrections.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "\n",
      "22 Feb 2004\n",
      "Added a new chapter on modules. Added details about variable number of arguments in functions.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.98\n",
      "\n",
      "16 Feb 2004\n",
      "Wrote a Python script and CSS stylesheet to improve XHTML output, including a crude-yet-functional lexical analyzer for automatic VIM-like syntax highlighting of the program listings.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "\n",
      "13 Feb 2004\n",
      "Another completely rewritten draft, in DocBook XML (again). Book has improved a lot - it is more coherent and readable.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.93\n",
      "\n",
      "25 Jan 2004\n",
      "Added IDLE talk and more Windows-specific stuff\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.92\n",
      "\n",
      "05 Jan 2004\n",
      "Changes to few examples.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.91\n",
      "\n",
      "30 Dec 2003\n",
      "Corrected typos. Improvised many topics.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.90\n",
      "\n",
      "18 Dec 2003\n",
      "Added 2 more chapters. OpenOffice format with revisions.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.60\n",
      "\n",
      "21 Nov 2003\n",
      "Fully rewritten and expanded.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.20\n",
      "\n",
      "20 Nov 2003\n",
      "Corrected some typos and errors.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.15\n",
      "\n",
      "20 Nov 2003\n",
      "Converted to DocBook XML with XEmacs.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "0.10\n",
      "\n",
      "14 Nov 2003\n",
      "Initial draft using KWord.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Translations\n",
      "There are many translations of the book available in different human languages, thanks to many tireless volunteers!\n",
      "If you want to help with these translations, please see the list of volunteers and languages below and decide if you want to start a new translation or help in existing translation projects.\n",
      "If you plan to start a new translation, please read the Translation how-to.\n",
      "Arabic\n",
      "Below is the link for the Arabic version. Thanks to Ashraf Ali Khalaf for translating the book, you can read the whole book online at http://www.khaledhosny.org/byte-of-python/index.html or you can download it from sourceforge.net for more info see http://itwadi.com/byteofpython_arabi.\n",
      "Azerbaijani\n",
      "Jahangir Shabiyev (c.shabiev@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Azerbaijani. The translation is in progress at https://www.gitbook.com/book/jahangir-sh/piton-sancmasi\n",
      "Brazilian Portuguese\n",
      "There are two translations in various levels of completion and accessibility. The older translation is now missing/lost, and newer translation is incomplete.\n",
      "Samuel Dias Neto (samuel.arataca@gmail.com) made the first Brazilian Portuguese translation (older translation) of this book when Python was in 2.3.5 version. This is no longer publicly accessible.\n",
      "Rodrigo Amaral (rodrigoamaral@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Brazilian Portuguese, (newer translation) which still remains to be completed.\n",
      "Catalan\n",
      "Moises Gomez (moisesgomezgiron@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Catalan. The translation is in progress.\n",
      "\n",
      "Moisès Gómez - I am a developer and also a teacher of programming (normally for people without any previous experience).\n",
      "Some time ago I needed to learn how to program in Python, and Swaroop's work was really helpful. Clear, concise, and complete enough. Just what I needed.\n",
      "After this experience, I thought some other people in my country could take benefit from it too. But English language can be a barrier.\n",
      "So, why not try to translate it? And I did for a previous version of BoP.\n",
      "I my country there are two official languages. I selected the Catalan language assuming that others will translate it to the more widespread Spanish.\n",
      "\n",
      "Chinese\n",
      "In 2017 which is after 11 years, Mo Lun (i@molun.net) re-translated the book from the beginning based on Version 4.0. And the translation is storaged in GitHub and Gitbook. He is keeping follow this translated edition and ready to fix it if there is any wrong or mistake in the translated BoP.\n",
      "The 2017 translation edition is available in https://bop.molun.net.\n",
      "Mo Lun Says:\n",
      "\n",
      "I am a common journalism student from CYU, Beijing. And actually, I am an absolute newbie in Python programming when I start to translate this book. Initially, it was just a whim, but when I done this work, I realized that a decision triggered by interest had prompted me to go so far.\n",
      "With the help of my predecessors’ translations and the vast amount of information provided by the developed Internet, and with the help of my friends, I prudently presented this translation edition. I just hope my translation work will help other newcomers in learning Python.\n",
      "At the same time, I am always waiting for my translation of the comments and suggestions, and ready to change or improve this superficial work.\n",
      "\n",
      "Earlier Chinese translation\n",
      "In 2005, Shen Jieyuan translated this book with version 1.20 to Chinese and published it to the Internet. This is the first Chinese edition. In BoP official site, he was called Juan Shen, with Email adderss orion_val@163.com。This edition has been disseminated on the network widely, and the links provided by BoP official site are not available anymore, so that its original source is unable to find. Therefore in here can’t provide a certain address. But you can try to search keywords like “简明Python教程 沈洁元” to find a copy.\n",
      "Juan Shen says:\n",
      "\n",
      "I am a postgraduate at Wireless Telecommunication Graduate School, Beijing University of Technology, China PR. My current research interest is on the synchronization, channel estimation and multi-user detection of multicarrier CDMA system. Python is my major programming language for daily simulation and research job, with the help of Python Numeric, actually. I learned Python just half a year before, but as you can see, it's really easy-understanding, easy-to-use and productive. Just as what is ensured in Swaroop's book, 'It's my favorite programming language now'.\n",
      "'A Byte of Python' is my tutorial to learn Python. It's clear and effective to lead you into a world of Python in the shortest time. It's not too long, but efficiently covers almost all important things in Python. I think 'A Byte of Python' should be strongly recommendable for newbies as their first Python tutorial. Just dedicate my translation to the potential millions of Python users in China.\n",
      "\n",
      "Chinese Traditional\n",
      "Fred Lin (gasolin@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Chinese Traditional.\n",
      "It is available at http://code.google.com/p/zhpy/wiki/ByteOfZhpy.\n",
      "An exciting feature of this translation is that it also contains the executable chinese python sources side by side with the original python sources.\n",
      "\n",
      "Fred Lin - I'm working as a network firmware engineer at Delta Network, and I'm also a contributor of TurboGears web framework.\n",
      "As a python evangelist (:-p), I need some material to promote python language. I found 'A Byte of Python' hit the sweet point for both newbies and experienced programmers. 'A Byte of Python' elaborates the python essentials with affordable size.\n",
      "The translation are originally based on simplified chinese version, and soon a lot of rewrite were made to fit the current wiki version and the quality of reading.\n",
      "The recent chinese traditional version also featured with executable chinese python sources, which are achieved by my new 'zhpy' (python in chinese) project (launch from Aug 07).\n",
      "zhpy(pronounce (Z.H.?, or zippy) build a layer upon python to translate or interact with python in chinese(Traditional or Simplified). This project is mainly aimed for education.\n",
      "\n",
      "French\n",
      "Gregory (coulix@ozforces.com.au) has volunteered to translate the book to French.\n",
      "Gérard Labadie (gerard.labadie@gmail.com) has completed to translate the book to French.\n",
      "German\n",
      "Lutz Horn (lutz.horn@gmx.de), Bernd Hengelein (bernd.hengelein@gmail.com) and Christoph Zwerschke (cito@online.de) have volunteered to translate the book to German.\n",
      "Their translation is located at http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub//sourceforge/a/ab/abop-german.berlios/\n",
      "Lutz Horn says:\n",
      "\n",
      "I'm 32 years old and have a degree of Mathematics from University of Heidelberg, Germany. Currently I'm working as a software engineer on a publicly funded project to build a web portal for all things related to computer science in Germany.The main language I use as a professional is Java, but I try to do as much as possible with Python behind the scenes. Especially text analysis and conversion is very easy with Python. I'm not very familiar with GUI toolkits, since most of my programming is about web applications, where the user interface is build using Java frameworks like Struts. Currently I try to make more use of the functional programming features of Python and of generators.  After taking a short look into Ruby, I was very impressed with the use of blocks in this language. Generally I like the dynamic nature of languages like Python and Ruby since it allows me to do things not possible in more static languages like Java.I've searched for some kind of introduction to programming, suitable to teach a complete non-programmer. I've found the book 'How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python', and 'Dive into Python'. The first is good for beginners but to long to translate. The second is not suitable for beginners. I think 'A Byte of Python' falls nicely between these, since it is not too long, written to the point, and at the same time verbose enough to teach a newbie. Besides this, I like the simple DocBook structure, which makes translating the text a generation the output in various formats a charm.\n",
      "\n",
      "Bernd Hengelein says:\n",
      "\n",
      "Lutz and me are going to do the german translation together. We just started with the intro and preface but we will keep you informed about the progress we make. Ok, now some personal things about me. I am 34 years old and playing with computers since the 1980's, when the \"Commodore C64\" ruled the nurseries. After studying computer science I started working as a software engineer. Currently I am working in the field of medical imaging for a major german company. Although C++ is the main language I (have to) use for my daily work, I am constantly looking for new things to learn.Last year I fell in love with Python, which is a wonderful language, both for its possibilities and its beauty. I read somewhere in the net about a guy who said that he likes python, because the code looks so beautiful. In my opinion he's absolutly right. At the time I decided to learn python, I noticed that there is very little good documentation in german available. When I came across your book the spontaneous idea of a german translation crossed my mind. Luckily, Lutz had the same idea and we can now divide the work.I am looking forward to a good cooperation!\n",
      "\n",
      "Greek\n",
      "The Greek Ubuntu Community translated the book in Greek, for use in our on-line asynchronous Python lessons that take place in our forums. Contact @savvasradevic for more information.\n",
      "Indonesian\n",
      "Daniel (daniel.mirror@gmail.com) is translating the book to Indonesian at http://python.or.id/moin.cgi/ByteofPython.\n",
      "Wisnu Priyambodo (cibermen@gmail.com) also has volunteered to translate the book to Indonesian.\n",
      "Also, Bagus Aji Santoso (baguzzzaji@gmail.com) has volunteered.\n",
      "Italian (first)\n",
      "Enrico Morelli (mr.mlucci@gmail.com) and Massimo Lucci (morelli@cerm.unifi.it) have volunteered to translate the book to Italian.\n",
      "The Italian translation is present at http://www.gentoo.it/Programmazione/byteofpython.\n",
      "\n",
      "Massimo Lucci and Enrico Morelli - we are working at the University of Florence (Italy) - Chemistry Department. I (Massimo) as service engineer and system administrator for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers; Enrico as service engineer and system administrator for our CED and parallel / clustered systems. We are programming on python since about seven years, we had experience working with Linux platforms since ten years. In Italy we are responsible and administrator for www.gentoo.it web site for Gentoo/Linux distrubution and www.nmr.it (now under construction) for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance applications and Congress Organization and Managements.That's all! We are impressed by the smart language used on your Book and we think this is essential for approaching the Python to new users (we are thinking about hundred of students and researcher working on our labs).\n",
      "\n",
      "Italian (second)\n",
      "An Italian translation has been created by\n",
      "Calvina Bice & colleagues at http://besthcgdropswebsite.com/translate/a-byte-of-python/.\n",
      "Japanese\n",
      "Shunro Dozono (dozono@gmail.com) is translating the book to Japanese.\n",
      "Korean\n",
      "Jeongbin Park (pjb7687@gmail.com) has translated the book to Korean - https://github.com/pjb7687/byte_of_python\n",
      "\n",
      "I am Jeongbin Park, currently working as a Biophysics & Bioinformatics researcher in Korea.\n",
      "A year ago, I was looking for a good tutorial/guide for Python to introduce it to my colleagues, because using Python in such research fields is becoming inevitable due to the user base is growing more and more.\n",
      "But at that time only few Python books are available in Korean, so I decided to translate your ebook because it looks like one of the best guides that I have ever read!\n",
      "Currently, the book is almost completely translated in Korean, except some of the text in introduction chapter and the appendixes.\n",
      "Thank you again for writing such a good guide!\n",
      "\n",
      "Mongolian\n",
      "Ariunsanaa Tunjin (luftballons2010@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Mongolian.\n",
      "Update on Nov 22, 2009 : Ariunsanaa is on the verge of completing the translation.\n",
      "Norwegian (bokmål)\n",
      "Eirik Vågeskar is a high school student at Sandvika videregående skole in Norway, a blogger and currently translating the book to Norwegian (bokmål).\n",
      "\n",
      "Eirik Vågeskar: I have always wanted to program, but because I speak a small language, the learning process was much harder. Most tutorials and books are written in very technical English, so most high school graduates will not even have the vocabulary to understand what the tutorial is about. When I discovered this book, all my problems were solved. \"A Byte of Python\" used simple non-technical language to explain a programming language that is just as simple, and these two things make learning Python fun. After reading half of the book, I decided that the book was worth translating. I hope the translation will help people who have found themself in the same situation as me (especially young people), and maybe help spread interest for the language among people with less technical knowledge.\n",
      "\n",
      "Polish\n",
      "Dominik Kozaczko (dominik@kozaczko.info) has volunteered to translate the book to Polish. Translation is in progress and it's main page is available here: Ukąś Pythona.\n",
      "Update : The translation is complete and ready as of Oct 2, 2009. Thanks to Dominik, his two students and their friend for their time and effort!\n",
      "\n",
      "Dominik Kozaczko - I'm a Computer Science and Information Technology teacher.\n",
      "\n",
      "Portuguese\n",
      "Fidel Viegas (fidel.viegas@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Portuguese.\n",
      "Romanian\n",
      "Paul-Sebastian Manole (brokenthorn@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate this book to Romanian.\n",
      "\n",
      "Paul-Sebastian Manole - I'm a second year Computer Science student at Spiru Haret University, here in Romania. I'm more of a self-taught programmer and decided to learn a new language, Python. The web told me there was no better way to do so but read ''A Byte of Python''. That's how popular this book is (congratulations to the author for writing such an easy to read book). I started liking Python so I decided to help translate the latest version of Swaroop's book in Romanian. Although I could be the one with the first initiative, I'm just one volunteer so if you can help, please join me.\n",
      "\n",
      "Russian\n",
      "Vladimir Smolyar (v_2e@ukr.net) has completed a Russian translation at http://wombat.org.ua/AByteOfPython/.\n",
      "Ukranian\n",
      "Averkiev Andrey (averkiyev@ukr.net) has volunteered to translate the book to Russian, and perhaps Ukranian (time permitting).\n",
      "Serbian\n",
      "\"BugSpice\" (amortizerka@gmail.com) has completed a Serbian translation:\n",
      "\n",
      "This download link is no longer accessible.\n",
      "\n",
      "More details at http://forum.ubuntu-rs.org/Thread-zagrljaj-pitona.\n",
      "Slovak\n",
      "Albertio Ward (albertioward@gmail.com) has translated the book to Slovak at http://www.fatcow.com/edu/python-swaroopch-sl/ :\n",
      "\n",
      "We are a non-profit organization called \"Translation for education\". We represent a group of people, mainly students and professors, of the Slavonic University. Here are students from different departments: linguistics, chemistry, biology, etc. We try to find interesting publications on the Internet that can be relevant for us and our university colleagues. Sometimes we find articles by ourselves; other times our professors help us choose the material for translation. After obtaining permission from authors we translate articles and post them in our blog which is available and accessible to our colleagues and friends. These translated publications often help students in their daily study routine.\n",
      "\n",
      "Spanish\n",
      "Alfonso de la Guarda Reyes (alfonsodg@ictechperu.net), Gustavo Echeverria (gustavo.echeverria@gmail.com), David Crespo Arroyo (davidcrespoarroyo@hotmail.com) and Cristian Bermudez Serna (crisbermud@hotmail.com) have volunteered to translate the book to Spanish.\n",
      "Gustavo Echeverria says:\n",
      "\n",
      "I work as a software engineer in Argentina. I use mostly C# and .Net technologies at work but strictly Python or Ruby in my personal projects. I knew Python many years ago and I got stuck inmediately. Not so long after knowing Python I discovered this book and it helped me to learn the language. Then I volunteered to translate the book to Spanish. Now, after receiving some requests, I've begun to translate \"A Byte of Python\" with the help of Maximiliano Soler.\n",
      "\n",
      "Cristian Bermudez Serna says:\n",
      "\n",
      "I am student of Telecommunications engineering at the University of Antioquia (Colombia). Months ago, i started to learn Python and found this wonderful book, so i volunteered to get the Spanish translation.\n",
      "\n",
      "Swedish\n",
      "Mikael Jacobsson (leochingkwake@gmail.com) has volunteered to translate the book to Swedish.\n",
      "Turkish\n",
      "Türker SEZER (tsezer@btturk.net) and Bugra Cakir (bugracakir@gmail.com) have volunteered to translate the book to Turkish. \"Where is Turkish version? Bitse de okusak.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Translation How-to \n",
      "\n",
      "The full source of the book is available from https://github.com/swaroopch/byte-of-python.\n",
      "Please fork the repository.\n",
      "Then, fetch the repository to your computer. You need to know how to use Git to do that.\n",
      "Read the GitBook documentation, esp. the Markdown section.\n",
      "Start editing the .md files to translate to your local language.\n",
      "Sign up on GitBook.com, create a book and you can see a beautifully rendered website, with links to download PDF, EPUB, etc.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                Feedback\n",
      "The book needs the help of its readers such as yourselves to point out any parts of the book which are not good, not comprehensible or are simply wrong. Please write to the main author or the respective translators with your comments and suggestions.\n",
      "\n",
      "                                \n",
      "                                \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We've used this chunk of code several times, so let's make it a function that specifically\n",
    "# gets the text from a chapter page\n",
    "def get_page_text(url):\n",
    "    page = requests.get(url)\n",
    "    soup = BeautifulSoup(page.text, \"html5lib\")\n",
    "    return soup.find('section', {'class': 'markdown-section'}).get_text()\n",
    "\n",
    "for url in chapter_links:\n",
    "    print(get_page_text(url))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Writing text to a file\n",
    "However you prefer, create a directory/folder named 'chapters' at the same level as the file for this notebook. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# In the below functions, I've put in docstrings, which let you document the purpose of a \n",
    "# function, its parameters, and what it returns \n",
    "\n",
    "# The first function breaks apart a filename, builds a path including a directory,\n",
    "# then puts the right file extension at the end\n",
    "def create_filename(name, dirname):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Builds a filename\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Args:\n",
    "        name (string) - the name of the file to be written\n",
    "        dirname (string) - the name of the directory to contain the files\n",
    "        \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "        filename (string) - path to the file\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    chunks = name.split('.')\n",
    "    filename = os.path.join(dirname, chunks[0] + '.txt')\n",
    "    return filename\n",
    "\n",
    "def create_url(url):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Takes a final chunk of a url and creates a full url\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Args:\n",
    "        url (string) - the url with file extension, e.g. 'dedication.html'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    Returns a full url (string)\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    return 'https://python.swaroopch.com/' + url\n",
    "\n",
    "def get_page_text(url):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Pulls html from the url, creates a beautiful soup object, and gets the text from the page\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Args:\n",
    "        url (string) - the url for the page from which you want text\n",
    "        \n",
    "    Returns the text (string) from the page\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    page = requests.get(url)\n",
    "    soup = BeautifulSoup(page.text, \"html5lib\")\n",
    "    return soup.find('section', {'class': 'markdown-section'}).get_text()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Iterate over the chapter links, create a filename for each, get the text for each, \n",
    "# then write it to a local file in the chapters directory\n",
    "for a in chapters[2:-1]:\n",
    "    filename = create_filename(a['href'], 'chapters')\n",
    "    text = get_page_text(create_url(a['href']))\n",
    "    with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n",
    "        f.write(text)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style=\"font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 0; border: 1px solid #86989B; background-color: #f7f7f7; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid #86989B; font-weight: bold; background-color: #AFC1C4;\">\n",
    "Activity\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">\n",
    "One type of common use for web scraping is to gather content for analysis, such as sentiment analysis. You may have seen data-driven journalists offer sentiment analysis of political content. We won't do the analysis, but let's practice scraping news headlines off of a news site.</p> \n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">In the cell below, scrape the article titles from ProPublica's page on the current presidential administration - https://www.propublica.org/trump-administration/. You'll need to look at the html code of the page to locate the right markup to find. Think about first finding all the articles, then iterating over those to find each title. You can either just print out each title, or put it into a list. </p>\n",
    "<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0;\">Always check any given site's terms of use, content policy, and robots.txt file before scraping it. In this case, content has a Creative Commons license and the robots.txt file seems to allow a robot to hit pages for categories of articles. </p>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "page = requests.get(\"https://www.propublica.org/trump-administration/\")\n",
    "soup = BeautifulSoup(page.text, \"html5lib\")\n",
    "articles = soup.find_all('article')\n",
    "for article in articles:\n",
    "    print(article.find('h1').get_text())"
   ]
  }
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